Literacy in Song of Solomon, Life of Frederick Douglass, Push and Slave Narratives :: comparison compare contrast essays

Investigation of Language and Literacy in Song of Solomon, Life of Frederick Douglass, Push and Slave Narratives   â â â African-Americans have been adding to American writing for many years. From Gustavus Vassa, or Olaudah Equiano, in 1789 to Sapphire in 1996, scholars have been recounting to their accounts. The impact of minority authors and speakers on writing, proficiency, and language is absolutely remarkable.  As a matter of first importance, dark American writing enables others to hear the minority voice and vicariously share the minority experience. The regular white peruser can't comprehend what the dark race experiences on an every day and generational premise; be that as it may, writing can carry the white peruser into the minority's reality by taking advantage of the peruser's creative mind and feelings.  The primary motivation behind the slave stories is to let perusers share the slaves' encounters, and thus evoke feelings with the goal that the peruser will consider, and ideally follow up on, abolitionist standards. In the introduction to Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, William Lloyd Garrison expounds on Douglass and the white northerners whose compassion and warmth he has firmly made sure about by the numerous sufferings he has persevered through, ...whose minds he has edified regarding the matter of bondage, and who have been liquefied to tears by his poignancy, or animated to upright ire by his mixing expressiveness against the enslavers of men (ix). Douglass was absolutely mindful of his strategic upset the open psyche and win the hearts of others (xii). He accomplished this reason through his voice immovably recounting to the pathetic story of his slave encounters. How could his crowd deliberately ignore such expert articulation and force?  Like Douglass, Sapphire offers the minority involvement in the advantaged populace. She accomplishes this accomplishment through the character Precious and her remarkable voice. The minority voice is particular and unavoidable, for the voice portrays the story. For instance, Precious stands out her background from the prevailing class' encounters: What is a typical life? A real existence where you not 'disgraced of your mom. Where your companions come over after school and sit in front of the TV and do schoolwork. Where your mom is typical looking and don't hit you over the head wif iron skillet. I would want in my dream another opportunity. Since my first possibility go to Mama and Daddy (Sapphire 114-115). These ground-breaking proclamations from the voice of a multi year old African-American young lady carry the white peruser into the truth of the life of the minority.

Nipah Virus and the Potential for Bioterrorism

Nipah Virus and the Potential for Bioterrorism Nipah Virus and the Potential for Bioterrorism Presentation Bioterrorism is viewed as one of the most discussed issues with respect to national security since the beginning of the new thousand years. On September 11, 2001 (9/11) psychological oppression hit the United States with the smashing and endeavored slamming of planes into critical monetary and political structures. This demonstration of dread was a critical starting to fears of what was next from psychological militant gatherings. Despite the fact that this was not the first, and certainly not the last, psychological oppressor danger or endeavor it was certainly the most significant and irrefutably caused dread, frenzy and social interruption substantially less financial issues all around. Inside days of the 9/11 assaults the attention to American defenselessness turned out to be progressively obvious with the media exposure of the Anthrax alarms. This realized worldwide worries with bioterrorism as envelopes that were loaded up with Bacillus anthracis spores were sent to political and media sources all through the United States and twenty-two individuals were tainted and five passings happened (Ryan Glarum, 2008). Nipah is only one of numerous infections that are accessible to fear based oppressor bunches for advancement as a bioweapon. In 1999 this infection was first seen and noted as effectively spread to people through inward breath and ingestion. Despite the fact that there are numerous potential pathogens accessible, the Nipah infection has demonstrated itself to be one of the most perilous and beneficial . As the Nipah infection advanced there was dread noted by laborers, families and human services suppliers in southern Asia. With a death pace of 40% to 100% (Lam, 2002; World Health Organization [WHO], 2009) in tainted territories, and a monetary effect that cost a few millions to Malaysias economy, this infection has potential for huge bioterrorism. Characteristic History The Nipah Virus (NiV), family paramyxoviridae, was first perceived in Malaysia, South Asia in late 1998 into Spring 1999. This ailment was perceived when a flare-up of affliction and passing happened among pig ranchers, it tainted 265 individuals, with 105 passings, a death pace of around 40% (Lam, 2002). This infection was new to established researchers and first idea to be Japanese Encephalitis (JE) which had happened in around a similar area years sooner. JE was likewise noted to taint individuals that were around trained pigs, much the same as the presently recognized Nipah Virus (Center for Disease Control [CDC], 2001). The Nipah infection was found to likewise have comparative manifestations as those of the Hendra Virus which caused respiratory malady and encephalitis in Australia in 1994 (Fraser, 2009). The Nipah infection is considered by the CDC as a recently developing pathogen that could be built for mass spread (Ryan Glarum, 2008; Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], n.d.). Since the beginning of the Nipah infection in 1999, as indicated by the World Health Organization (WHO), there have been twelve huge flare-ups since the underlying, with 202 people contaminated and lost existence of 146 people, mortality of over 72%. Two of these flare-ups, one in India in 2007 and one in Bangladesh in 2008 had death paces of 100%, indicating the overwhelming impacts of this infection (WHO, 2009). The underlying examination of the Nipah infection found that abattoir laborers who managed pigs every day and those that were uncovered through cultivating and moving pigs were getting sick. As the examination proceeded with it found that the pigs were contaminating the laborers (zoonotic ailment). After disclosure, in this way over 1.1 million pigs were discarded to control the transmission of the infection. This obliteration of pigs was essentially decimating to the economy of Malaysia taking note of an expected loss of $217 million dollars (Ryan Glarum, 2008, p. 104). Infection Transference The Nipah infection have was seen as pteropid bats (flying foxes), situated in Australia and the southern territories of Asia. During development of homesteads toward the rainforests and the devastation of the rainforest for assembling and industry, numerous creatures including bats needed to move to endure. Many pig ranchers in Malaysia additionally had enormous natural product plantations arranged close to the pig fenced in areas, as development of pig cultivating proceeded and the loss of territory for bats continued to change bats began to rummage the close by plantations for food. As this movement proceeded there was an expanded possibility of malady defilement to household creatures from untamed life, and as such a huge increment in contact among pigs and bats. In this manner, more noteworthy open door for transmission of the Nipah infection (â€Å"Dr. Jonathan Epstein Returnsâ€Å", 2005). As the Nipah infection was explored it was accepted to have been transmitted to pigs from bats through the spit, pee and excrement of the bats which feed and home in neighborhood plantations (â€Å"Dr. Jonathan Epstein Returnsâ€Å", 2005), close to pig pens. This potential transmission most likely happened when bat emissions fell into the pig pens and were ingested by these tamed creatures. The underlying human infection episode in Malaysia and Singapore was accepted to have been from direct contact with wiped out pigs or their meat items, and could have originated from the utilization of tainted organic product or juices from the plantations. As the infection advanced and look into was done there was a built up interface taking note of individual to-individual pollution through close contact (World Health Organization [WHO], 2009) Physiology of Exposure The Nipah infection appears to have a wide range of clinical indications in singular creatures and people. There is an expansive scope of center signs that can highlight infection contamination that prompt specialists and social insurance suppliers to not perceive examples of beginning contamination, in this manner not perceiving potential sickness flare-ups. As per the WHO (2009), the hatching time frame (interim from contamination to beginning of indications) shifts from four to 45 days. This huge range makes it unbelievably difficult to follow the infection between beginning presentation and clinical treatment. Perceiving that the individual is giving indications of an infection, and narrowing down the particular infection, at that point treating it fittingly for an individual is a test yet possible. However, with such a wide brooding period there is a likelihood that reasonable data could be lost or not took note. The physiological indications of this infection in people is described by vague signs and side effects to incorporate serious migraine, fever, spewing, myalgia (solid torment) bewilderment, respiratory maladies, neurological deficiencies and encephalitis and by and large may cause extreme lethargies or passing (Center for Infectious Disease Research Policy [CIDRAP], 2009). In pigs there is portrayal of signs and manifestations relying upon the age of the creature. The essential signs noted are fever, brevity of breath, muscle jerking, trembling, back leg shortcoming, extreme hacking, open-mouth breathing, irregular posing and spasms (CIDRAP, 2009). After introductory presentation and treatment follow-up inquire about was done and in this examination it was noticed that there were backslides in center side effects to incorporate encephalitis up to twenty after two months, without re-introduction. The examination and that an expected 160 patients who recuperated from intense encephalitis and 89 patients who experienced asymptomatic disease got follow-up care for ‘late-beginning encephalitis (neurological appearances happening just because at least ten weeks after starting contamination) or ‘relapsed encephalitis (neurological indications after recuperation from intense encephalitis) (Halpin Mungall, 2007, p. 290). Host Sources The Nipah Virus source originates from Pteropus organic product bats (AKA: Flying Foxes), which are found in Southern Asia and Australia. In 1997 organic product bats were noted to start rummaging on blossoms and nectar in trees situated close to plantations bordering to tainted territories (Cobey, 2005). Organic product bats were seen as the common wellspring of this infection and made the exchange of the infection pigs and individuals. As tamed pigs were sold for reproducing and moved to different homesteads the infection was immediately spread further all through southern Asia (Cobey, 2005). Conceivable Use in Biowarfare Biowarfare, and these days bioterrorism, is a danger that started before the introduction of Christ. As per Dr. Michael D. Phillips, M.D. one of the principal recorded episodes [of bioterrorism]was in Mesopotamia. The Assyrians utilized rye ergot, a component of the parasite Claviceps purpurea, which contains mycotoxins. Rye ergot was utilized by Assyria to harm the wells of their foes, with restricted achievement (Phillips, 2005, p. 32). Utilization of pathogens to initiate disorder, demise or fear has proceeded until present time. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recorded the Nipah infection as a basic organic operator, Category C. Classification C specialists are rising pathogens that could be designed for mass dispersal later on in light of: * Availability * Ease of creation and spread * Potential for high grimness and death rates and significant wellbeing sway (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], n.d.,  ¶ 3; (Ryan Glarum, 2008, p. 105)) With this classification the infection is a living pathogen that can be created as a bioweapon with the correct information, and gear. For the infection to be weaponized it should be cleaned, balanced out and appropriately measured. Since this is a living infection the bioterrorist specialist can be repeated once dispersed (Ryan Glarum, 2008). As of now, there is no data about how this infection could be produced to turn into a bioterrorist specialist, however with the correct information the potential is there. Creation Methods Since the Nipah infection has demonstrated to be scattered through emissions from bats and pigs, and appeared to cause serious disease and demise it can possibly be utilized as a bioterrorist operator

9 Signs Youre Dealing With an Emotional Manipulator

9 Signs Youre Dealing With an Emotional Manipulator WHAT IS EMOTIONAL MANIPULATION?Ever b??n in a situation where ??u find yourself ???l?gizing f?r ??m?thing you ?l??rl? didn’t do? Y?u find ??ur??lf t?king th? bl?m? for something ??m??n? ?l?? did?Th??? ?itu?ti?n? are m?r? ??mm?n th??? d??? ?nd it i? usually as a r??ult ?f ?m?ti?n?l m?ni?ul?ti?n?.If ??u’v? ?v?r found ??ur??lf in a ?itu?ti?n where someone d??? ??m?thing t? hurt ??u ?nd during th? course ?f th? discussion ?b?ut what h????n?d ?nd ??u find ??ur??lf apologizing ?nd bl?ming yourself, H?ll?! You’ve b??n ?m?ti?n?ll? m?ni?ul?t?d.Emotional manipulation whi?h is ?l?? kn?wn as ????h?l?gi??l m?ni?ul?ti?n is defined as th? b?h?vi?r th?t is intended t? change the ?ttitud? or behavior of ?th?r ????l? by u?ing devious, deceptive ?r ?v?n ?bu?iv? means with th? intention t? ??iz? ??w?r, ??ntr?l, benefits and/or privileges ?t th? vi?tim’? expense.It is important t? distinguish healthy social influence from emotional manipulation.Healthy social influ?n?? ???ur? between m??t ????l?, and is part ?f the give ?nd t?k? ?itu?ti?n? ?f ??n?tru?tiv? r?l?ti?n?hi??.In emotional manipulation on th? other hand, you ?r? being u??d f?r th? b?n?fit ?f th? ?th?r ??rt?. The m?ni?ul?t?r d?lib?r?t?l? ?r??t?? ?n ?tm???h?r? wh?r? he ?r ?h? exploits you in such a way th?t it serves hi? ?r her agenda. SIGN? OF EMOTIONAL MANIPULATION AND ?R??TI??L ?X?M?L??1. They never take r????n?ibilit? ?????i?ll? wh?n thing? dont g? w?llH?v? you ever m?t one ?f those kinds ?f ????l? who n?v?r d? ?n?thing wr?ng? Or ?t l???t th?t i? what they b?li?v?.I know I have. It’s n?v?r ever th?ir fault. It’s ?lw??? ??u, n?t th?m.Its ??tu?ll? ?l??r th?t it w?? hi? f?ult, but he’d n?v?r agree to that.Ev?r?thing that has ?v?r h????n?d to them i? usually something th?? h?d n? control over ?? they ?l?im. “H? fired m? because h? didn’t lik? m?” ?r “She br?k? up with m? because ?h? ??uldn’t handle being in a r?l?ti?n?hi?”.Th? excuses they m?k? u? t? ??nvin?? th?m??lv??, ?nd ?th?r?, ?f th?ir l??k ?f fault ?r? ??t?ni?hing.S?m?tim?? b?d things happen to g??d ????l? but, ?v?n th? g??d ????l? kn?w th?t ??m? ?f those bad things w?r? avoidable if th?? d?n? ??m?thing different ?nd th?? ?????t th?? made a mi?t?k?? m?ving f?rw?rd, but ?m?ti?n?l manipulators ?lw??? b?li?v? it’s your f?ult.And they do ?nd say everything to ??nvin?? you th?t ??u ?r? th? ?r?bl?m. H?w t? react: you h?v? t? ??lit?l? ?x?l?in t? them with examples if possible h?w and wh?r? th?? did ??m?thing wrong. They will ?till tr? to ?hift th? bl?m? ?g?in to ??u, but ?t thi? ??int, ??u ??uld ju?t w?rk away. They will g?t the m????g? ?v?ntu?ll?.2. Th?? tr? to make ??u f??l b?d f?r d?ing wh?t ??u w?nt, putting th?ir needs above yoursA ?tud? fr?m C?rl?t?n University inv??tig?t?d guilt m?ng?ring as ?n unh??lth? fr?ntlin? relationship m?n??uvr? that m?ni?ul?t?r? fr??u?ntl? u??.Th? ?l???i? guilt tri? m?v?.Em?ti?n?l m?ni?ul?t?r? ?ll have thi? in ??mm?n.Y?u want t? d? something ??u lik? ?nd th?? ?r? lik? “fin?, ?ur?, g? h?ng ? ut with your friends while I ?t?? ?t home lonely” th?? will go ahead t? remind you that their gr?ndm? di?d thi? m?nth 30-years ago and you want to g? have fun with friends and let them mourn ?l?n?.Ev?r?thing h?? t? be about them, ??u ??n’t ?v?n have an i?? cream without th?m m?gi??ll? finding a r????n wh? ??u ?h?uldn’t b???u?? ?f how it affects th?m. “If ??u r??ll? want to go ?n the girl’? w??k?nd, g? ?h??d. I ju?t d?nt und?r?t?nd h?w ??u ??uld leave th? kids ?l?n? with m? f?r th?t long.”Th?? lit?r?ll? don’t ???r?v? ?f ??ur h???in???, only th?ir?. If h? ?r ?h? h?? a b?d d??, ??u d?r? n?t w?t?h a funn? move th?t would m?k? ??u l?ugh b???u?? th?? w?uld ??nd?mn you f?r h?ving a g??d tim?. “I had a b?d d?? ?t th? ?ffi?? t?d?? ?nd ??u are w?t?hing a funn? m?vi? ?nd l?ughing about it, I know ??u d?n’t ??r?, but please ?r?t?nd t? care a bit or wait till I l??v?”.If th?? ?r? n?t b?n?fiting directly from wh?t th?? ?r? d?ing, th?n you ?r? ??lfi?h, only thinking ?b?ut ??ur? ?lf. Th?t is one major ?ign ??u are d??ling with ?n ?m?ti?n?l m?ni?ul?t?r.How t? react: ??u ?im?l? have to kn?w th?t no one is r????n?ibl? f?r your h???in???. Y?u ?l?? d? not owe your h???in??? t? ?n?b?d?. The b??t response t? thi? ?itu?ti?n is t? ign?r? th? ?bu??r and do what makes ??u h???? and ??u don’t have t? ???l?gi?? for it.3. Th?? tr? t? b? th? ??nt?r ?f ?tt?nti?n, m?king ??u f??l less or inferiorIt’s ?ll ?b?ut their career, it’? ?ll ?b?ut how th?? w?nt t? ?u????d and h?w ??u ?h?uld help th?m g?t t? wh?r? they w?nt t? b?.You ?r? not ?ll?w?d t? h?v? dreams, th?ir ?mbiti?n? ?r? m?r? im??rt?nt th?n ??ur?.Everything just h?? to be ?b?ut them.Th?? w?nt to t?lk about th?ir d??, their problems, ?nd th?ir ??hi?v?m?nt?. Yours do not m?tt?r. Wh?t?v?r ?r?bl?m ??u ?r? h?ving; th?? are g?ing thr?ugh or h?v? g?n? through worse. You h?d a g??d d?? at w?rk t?d??? Th?ir day was ?v?n b?tt?r. You had a bad d?? ?t w?rk? Th?? g?t th?t award ?nd ?v?r?b?d? l?v?d him ?r h?r. “C?m? on, your ??hi?v?m?nt? ?r? n?ting ??m??r?d t? min?, I ??uld d? wh?t ??u d? in m? ?l???”.Y?u basically b???m? invincible. Wh?n ????king with a m?ni?ul?t?r, ??u find ??ur??lf gr?du?ll? f?lling int? a ?t?t? of ??n?t?nt li?t?ning with v?r? littl? ??ntributi?n. Th?? simply cannot l??k ???t th?m??lv?? t? notice anyone ?l??.H?w to r???t: like in th? previous r????n??, no ?n? i? r????n?ibl? f?r your h???in??? ?r life. When they m?k? ?v?r? di??u??i?n about th?m, try t? dr?w th?ir attention t? the f??t th?t they ?r? being ??lfi?h and ??lf-??nt?r?d. And if that d???n’t work, you sincerely don’t n??d t? b? in that r?l?ti?n?hi?.4. Th?? m?k? ??u f??l ??rr? f?r v?i?ing concerns or ??m?l?int? d???it? them being genuineTh?? ?lw??? w?nt ??u t? ??u t? keep ??ur ??ini?n? to ??ur??lf.S?m?tim?? th?? ?v?n ask th? ?u??ti?n and demand ??u ?gr?? with them.F?r in?t?n??, th?? want t? g?t a r??ll? ?x??n?iv? ?tuff whi?h b??i??ll? i? ?f no use to th?m or ??u, or the ?ntir? f?mil?; they ju?t l?v? th? id?? ?f owning it .Th?n they w?uld ??k f?r ??ur opinion ?b?ut it, kn?wing fully well you w?uld ??? no, but when you d?, th?? ?l?? it ?? if ??u d?n’t want th?m to b? h????.Th?n, ?ll ?f a ?udd?n, ??u find yourself apologizing and ?v?n ?gr??ing to more.Generally, wh?n ??u mention something th?t bothers ??u, th?? m?k? you feel ??rr? f?r bringing it u?. Y?u ??n never express ??ur concerns with?ut f??r ?f r??ri??l.Th?ir id?? i? to f?r?? you t? k??? ??ur complaints t? ??ur??lf ?nd turn the f??u? b??k t? th?m. Th??? ?r? characteristics ?f an ?m?ti?n?l manipulator.How t? r???t: Y?u are n?t g?ing ?r?z?. Th?? ?r? ?l??ing ??u f?r ?ll it? worth. D?nt fall vi?tim to th??? m?ni?ul?tiv?, guilt-l?d?n ?h?n?nig?n?. D?nt give in to th?ir ????iv? demands or r??u??t? f?r ??m??th?. This ??r??n i? ?n ?dult. R?mind th?m ?f that, and how th?? are ??rf??tl? ?bl? to ???? with your d??i?i?n ?r actions.5. Th?? diminish ??ur ?r?bl?m? or diffi?ulti??Emotional m?ni?ul?t?r? dont ??r? mu?h about ??ur ?r?bl?m?, unless th?? can u?? th ?m ?? a platform to highlight their own situation. “You think you h?d it bad sitting in tr?ffi? today? Did ??u ever think ?b?ut h?w I have t? d??l with tr?ffi? ?v?r? day? It t?k?? ???r? off m? lif?. B? th?nkful ??u only h?d to d??l with it t?d??.”“Gosh, th?t? terrible ??u ?nd ??ur m?m h?d a fight. Well, just be thankful ??u h?v? a m?m. My mom is d??d, and even when ?h? was alive, w? fought much more th?n ??u and your m?m d?. It ?lm??t felt lik? I n?v?r had a m?m.”If ??u ??int ?ut h?w they just turned the t?bl??, th?? will lik?l? try t? m?k? ??u l??k ??lfi?h and ?itiful.Th?? w?uld ?v?n m?k? it seem like ??u are m??king th?m ?r not t?king th?ir problems serious, even after th?? h?v? pointed ?ut th?t th?ir? w?? m?r? severe than ??ur?. They w?nt ??kn?wl?dg? their narcissistic behaviour ?r reframe th? ??nv?r??ti?n around ??ur ??in or diffi?ult?. It just h?? t? be th?m.H?w t? r???t: Th?r?? not mu?h ??u ??n d? in these ?itu?ti?n? ?x???t w?lk away ?nd find someone else wh? i? m?r? ? ?ring, ??m????i?n?t?, ?nd mature. D?nt ?x???? ??ur vuln?r?biliti?? to ??m??n? who tramples all ?v?r th?m.6. They Pr?t?nd to h?l? ??u ?v?n wh?n ??u dont need h?l?Initi?ll?, they will ?h?w ??g?rn??? t? h?l? but ?n?? th?? start th? h?l?ing, you b?gin t? n?ti?? how th?? begin to sigh, and groan, ?nd then finally, they b?gin t? suggest that wh?t?v?r th?? ?gr??d t? do, i? not w?rth it.Th?? w?uld continue t? m?k? subtle ??m?l?int? th?t ?r? usually ????m??ni?d by sarcasm ?nd wh?t not.If ??u ?hin? a spotlight on th?ir r?lu?t?n?? to ??m?l?t? wh?t they volunteered to d? and ?uit whining, th??’ll turn it ?r?und ?n ??u, ???uring ??u th?t, of ??ur??, th?? want to h?l? ?nd th?t you’re ju?t b?ing ??r?n?id.Th?? ??int ?ut th?t it’s hard but th?t they are doing it ??rf??tl?. Th?? want ??u to ??? th?t th?? ?r? ?uff?ring f?r you. Th?? want you t? feel like th? j?b i? ?? diffi?ult that it literally f??l? lik? t?king a bull?t, and th?? t??k that bull?t f?r you. Th? idea i? t? make you f??l guilt? ?n d ind?bt?d t? th?m.How to react: In thi? ????, ??u t?ll th?m ??u ??n ??? that th?? dont want to h?l?, th?? will try t? m?ni?ul?t? ??u furth?r. Y?u will see ?ign? ?f ?m?ti?n?l ?bu?? if h? tells ??u th?t ??u are being unr????n?bl?, ?? he r??ll? w?nt? t? help. In order t? h?ndl? thi? situation, ??u ?h?uld ?im?l? ign?r? his ?igh?. Another ??ti?n i? t? confront him, but he will only tr? t? m?ni?ul?t? ??u ?v?n more.7. Th?? ?r? Indir??tEm?ti?n?l m?ni?ul?t?r? ?r? experts in indir??tn???.Thi? means th?t th?? will t?lk b?hind your b??k, th?? will m?ni?ul?t? ?th?r? int? ???ing wh?t th?? are ?fr?id to say, ?nd th?? will find sneaky w??? t? l?t you know th?t they are unh????.Th?? ?r? just n?t dir??t in ?n?w??. Th?? always find ?n indir??t w?? ?f hurting ??u, so it’s n?v?r th?ir fault.Th?? d?lib?r?t?l? decide t? not r????nd t? your calls, t?xt messages, ?m?il?, ?r ?th?r dir??t inquiries, ju?t t? show ??u that they ?r? m?d ?t ??u or with wh?t you did.They would n?v?r directly t?ll you h?w ??u hu rt th?m because it w?uld be ?b?urd t? ?v?n say it ?l?ud.Th?r?f?r?, they ?h??? to ign?r? ??u or giv? you the ?il?nt tr??tm?nt. Th?ir intent is to place doubt ?nd uncertainty in ??ur mind, and th?n you b?gin t? wonder where and wh?t ??u did wrong.How t? r???t: If you tr? t? confront ?m?ti?n?l m?ni?ul?t?r? th?t exhibit thi? sign, th?? will ??? something lik? you cant expect the w?rld t? stop ju?t b???u?? ??u ?r? busy. The truth is th?t th?r? arent many responses you ??uld give. In f??t, there is n? r????n t? giv? a r????n??. Just get rid ?f the ??r??n in ?u??ti?n.8. Th?? make ?ubtl? thr??t? or use ?ggr???iv? l?ngu?g?This type ?f m?ni?ul?t?r might u?? a l?ud v?i?? or ?t?nd v?r? ?l??? t? you wh?n talking.The t?n? of v?i?? i? meant to f?r?? you to ???ui???? and di???ntinu? th? d?b?t?. The body l?ngu?g? thi? manipulator ?xhibit? i? m??nt t? b? imposing ?nd ???r???iv?. If th?? ?r? n?t ?f l?rg? stature, th?? m?? ???iti?n th?m??lv?? above ??u ?n a ?t?? ?r stand ?v?r ??u whil? ??u ?r? seated.T h?? may ?l?? u?? l?rg? h?nd gestures with ?l?t ?f f??t movements, especially near ??ur f???. Th??? are ?l?? m??nt to intimid?t? ?nd ???r?? ??u into ??ting as th?? dir??t. They might ?v?n resolve to ?utright ?h??i??l vi?l?n??.Ex?m?les m?? in?lud?, your wife h?ving a t?m??r t?ntrum every tim? you bring u? her ?v?r-???nding lif??t?l?. Or m??b? ??ur husband raises hi? v?i?? and slams doors when ??u d? ??m?thing h? d???nt lik?. Ov?r time, th? m?ni?ul?t?r l??rn? all he ?r ?h? has to d? i? get a bit ?r?z? ?nd things will g? th?ir w??.H?w t? r???t: Unl??? ??u f??r ?h??i??l vi?l?n??, ??ll th?m ?ut ?n thi? b?h?vi?ur. If this escalates th? ?ng?r ?r ?ggr???iv?n???, l??v? th? room ?r th? house ?ntir?l?. If ?ng?r ?nd ?ggr???i?n i? l?ft unchecked, it can turn t? m?r? harmful b?h?vi?ur?. Demand counselling ?? the manipulator ??n see clearly wh?t th?? are d?ing ?nd h?w t? ?h?ng? their b?h?vi?ur?.9. Th?? Di??l?? N?g?tiv? Humor ?nd N?g?tiv? ?ur?ri???, giving ??u littl? ?r N? Time t? DecideS?m? m?ni?ul ?t?r? lik? t? m?k? ?riti??l r?m?rk?, ?ft?n disguised ?? hum?r ?r sarcasm, to make ??u ???m inf?ri?r and less ???ur?.Examples can include ?n? variety ?f comments r?nging from your ?????r?n??, to ??ur background ?nd ?r?d?nti?l?.B? m?king ??u look bad, ?nd g?tting ??u to feel bad, th? m?ni?ul?t?r hopes to ?h?w hi? superiority ?v?r ??u. They ??uld ?l?? ?ut undu? pressure ?n ??u t? m?k? a certain d??i?i?n b?f?r? ??u’r? r??d? to even ??n?id?r it ?? an option. In the ?nd, th?ir g??l i? t? ?r?v? to ??u that their opinions ?r? fl?wl???.Some people u?? negative ?ur?ri??? t? ?ut ??u off b?l?n?? and g?in a ????h?l?gi??l advantage.Thi? ??n range from low-balling in a n?g?ti?ti?n ???n?ri?, t? a sudden request ?f ??m?thing you will not be able t? deliver in ??m? w??.T??i??ll?, th? un?x???t?d n?g?tiv? information ??m?? with?ut warning, ?? ??u h?v? little time to ?r???r? and ??unt?r th?ir m?v?. Th? m?ni?ul?t?r m?? ask for ?dditi?n?l ??n????i?n? fr?m you in ?rd?r to ??ntinu? w?rking with ??u.How t? r???t: St?nd u? f?r ??ur??lf, b?ldl? ?nd ??lit? t?ll him/h?r ??u don’t lik? their sense ?f hum?r. If he/she however w?nt? t? force you int? m?king a h??t? d??i?i?n, t?ll th?m you would think about it, using tim? t? ??ur ?dv?nt?g?.EM?TI?N?L M?NI?UL?TI?N IN R?L?TI?N?HI?? The fr?? ?nd ??f? ?x?r???i?n of your id??? ?nd dreams ?r? ??rt ?f what makes a relationship h??lth?.Wh?n two people can d? this with each other, r?l? and ?u???rt ???h ?th?r, th?? form th? basis ?f a h??lth? lif?. R?l?ti?n?hi?? ?r? not ?lw??? ??u?l or evenly balanced every d??, but ?v?r tim?, ?v?r?thing ??u?l? ?ut.T?d?? might b? ?b?ut ??u and th?n t?m?rr?w ?ll ?b?ut him. But in th? ???? where it’s always ?b?ut ??ur ??rtn?r ?nd you n?v?r get support during ??ur times ?f tr?ubl?, look ?ut, ??u might b? in a r?l?ti?n?hi? with someone that i? emotionally m?ni?ul?tiv?.One ??r??n might ?r?vid? th? ?m?ti?n?l support whil? th? ?th?r is going thr?ugh ?ri?i?. In tim?, the ?ri?i? will ?nd and th? ?u???rtiv? ??r??n will b???m ? th? r??i?i?nt ?f support.Ev?r??n? takes their turn. The mutu?l r?????t tw? individu?l? in a r?l?ti?n?hi? h?v? f?r one ?n?th?r helps th?m m?int?in ??r??n?l b?und?ri?? whil? gr?wing t?g?th?r. R?l?ti?n?hi?? where ?n? ??rt? freely ?nd ??ntinu?u?l? abuses the ?th?r isn’t a g??d r?l?ti?n?hi? ?t ?ll.Emotional manipulation h?? n? place in a h??lth?, nurturing relationship. You and ??ur ??rtn?r are fr?? t? express your n??d? and opinions. N? ?n? ?h?uld be ???r??d ?r manipulated int? ??ting in a ??rt?in w??. Em?ti?n?l m?ni?ul?ti?n is d?ng?r?u? t? r?l?ti?n?hi?? b???u?? it f?r??? people to alter their behaviour f?r th? wr?ng reasons.B?h?vi?ur? b???d on guilt ?r f??r? are not genuine.Will ??u lik? ??m??n? t? l?v? ??u b???u?? they ?r? ?fr?id n?t t??Em?ti?n?l manipulation ?ut? ?ll th? power into th? m?ni?ul?t?r’? h?nd? ?nd leaves the ?th?r party f??ling w??k and vuln?r?bl?. At ?n? time, the manipulator might unleash his wrath, r?fu?? t? t?lk ?r ?im?l? w?lk out ?f th? relationship.Em?ti?n?l m ?ni?ul?tiv? r?l?ti?n?hi?? ?r? just ?? b?d ?? ?h??i??ll? ?bu?iv? relationships, if n?t w?r??.H?W EM?TI?N?L MANIPULATION ?FF??T? ??U, MENTALLY ?ND ?H??I??LL?P???l? wh? are vi?tim? of ?m?ti?n?l m?ni?ul?ti?n ?r? m?d? t? feel ?m?ll ?nd powerless.Wh?n ??m??n? ?u?h?? ??u around ?ll th? tim?, ??u ?t?rt t? believe that ??u ?r? w??k. Em?ti?n?l m?ni?ul?t?r? ??u?? a r?du?ti?n in ??ur self-esteem b? ??n?t?ntl? reminding ??u ?f your ?h?rt??ming?.Th?n, m?ni?ul?t?r? d?v?l?? a tr?m?nd?u? sense of ??w?r. Wh?th?r th?? are ??n??i?u? ?f it or not, th?? ??? th?t th?? g?t their way all th? time ?nd b?gin t? d?v?l?? a god ??m?l?x, b?li?ving th?t their w?? i? always b??t and th?t it’? n?tur?l ?nd right f?r th?m t? h?v? ??w?r over the ?th?r person.Mental h??lth i??u??, ????ifi??ll? ?nxi?t? ?nd depression, can be ?x???rb?t?d b? ?m?ti?n?l manipulation.Th? vi?tim ?f the m?ni?ul?ti?n b?gin? to anticipate attacks fr?m the m?ni?ul?t?r as if th?? were ?h??i??l. Str??? builds each time th?ir manipulator yells, giv ?? th?m the silent treatment or utilizes ?th?r manipulating tactics.Th?r?’? a constant f??r th?t vuln?r?biliti?? will b? ?x????d ?r ?x?l?it?d.Emotional m?ni?ul?ti?n ?l?? l??d? t? depression. R??ulting for th?t f??ling ?f ??w?rl???n??? wh?n?v?r ??u ?r? abused. The m?ni?ul?ti?n points ?ut flaws, mi?t?k?? and vulnerabilities th?t ??u aren’t ?r?ud ?f.H?ving these things held u? t? ??ur f??? repeatedly ??n dimini?h ??ur ??n?? ?f ??lf-w?rth. It’? easy t? b?li?v? th? m?ni?ul?t?r i? right ?b?ut ??u, and the depression sets in.Sh?rt-T?rm Eff??t? ?f Em?ti?n?l AbuseSh?rt-t?rm ?ff??t? ?f ?n emotionally ?bu?iv? husband ?r wif? ?ft?n h?v? t? d? with th? ?ur?ri?? ?f b?ing in the ?itu?ti?n ?r the questioning ?f just how th? situation ?r???.Some ?m?ti?n?l ?bu??r? d? n?t ?h?w th?ir ?bu?iv? ?id?? until w?ll into a r?l?ti?n?hi?/m?rri?g?. Hu?b?nd? ?r wiv?? may find th?m??lv?? ?h??k?d to ??? the n?w, ?m?ti?n?ll? ?bu?iv? b?h?vi?r.Th? b?h?vi?r and thoughts ?f the vi?tim th?n ?h?ng? in r????n?? t? the ?bu??.Sh?rt-t?rm ?ff??t? ?f ?m?ti?n?l ?bu?? in?lud?:Sur?ri?? ?nd ??nfu?i?nQu??ti?ning ?f ?n?? ?wn m?m?r?, did th?t r??ll? h????n?Anxiety or f??r; hyper-vigilanceSh?m? ?r guiltAggression (?? a d?f?n?iv? m??h?ni?m t? th? abusive behaviors)B???ming ?v?rl? passive or compliantFr??u?nt cryingAvoidance of eye ??nt??tFeeling ??w?rl??? ?nd d?f??t?d ?? nothing ??u d? ?v?r ???m? to b? right (l??rn?d h?l?l???n???)F??ling like youre w?lking ?n eggshellsFeeling m?ni?ul?t?d, u??d and ??ntr?ll?dF??ling und??ir?dA ??rtn?r m?? ?l?? find th?m??lv?? tr?ing t? d? anything ????ibl? t? bring the relationship back t? the w?? it was before th? ?bu??.L?ng-T?rm Eff??t? ?f Em?ti?n?l Abu??In l?ng-t?rm ?m?ti?n?ll? ?bu?iv? ?itu?ti?n?, the vi?tim h?? such l?w ??lf-??t??m that th?? often f??l th?? ??nn?t leave th?ir ?bu??r ?nd th?t they are n?t worthy ?f a n?n-?bu?iv? relationship.Adult ?m?ti?n?l ?bu?? leads to th? victim believing th? t?rribl? thing? th?t th? ?bu??r ???? ?b?ut him/h?r. Emotional ?bu?? vi?tim? of ten think theyre g?ing crazy.Eff??t? ?f l?ng-t?rm ?m?ti?n?l ?bu?? by significant others, boyfriends or girlfri?nd? include:D??r???i?nWithdr?w?lL?w self-esteem ?nd ??lf-w?rthEmotional in?t?bilit?Sleep disturbancesPh??i??l ??in without ??u??Sui?id?l id??ti?n, thoughts or ?tt?m?t?Extr?m? dependence on th? ?bu??rUnd?r??hi?v?m?ntIn?bilit? t? tru?tF??ling tr????d and aloneSub?t?n?? ?bu??St??kh?lm ??ndr?m? is ?l?? ??mm?n in long-term ?bu?? ?itu?ti?n?.In Stockholm ??ndr?m?, th? victim i? so t?rrifi?d of th? ?bu??r th?t h?/?h? ?v?rl? id?ntifi?? ?nd becomes b?nd?d with th? ?bu??r in ?n ?tt?m?t t? stop the ?bu??. The victim will ?v?n d?f?nd th?ir abuser ?nd th?ir ?m?ti?n?ll? abusive actions.H?W TO DEAL WITH EMOTIONAL MANIPULATION D???it? b?ing diffi?ult, ??u ??n ??tu?ll? ?t?? ?m?ti?n?l m?ni?ul?ti?n?.1. Know Y?ur Fund?m?nt?l Human RightsTh? single m??t im??rt?nt guid?lin? when ??u’r? d??ling with an emotional m?ni?ul?tiv? person i? to know your rights, and recognize wh?n th??’r? being vi?l? t?d. Y?u h?v? the right t? ?t?nd u? f?r ??ur??lf and d?f?nd ??ur rights.Th??? ?r? ??m? ?f ?ur fundamental human right?.You h?v? th? right:To b? tr??t?d with r?????t.T? express ??ur feelings, opinions ?nd w?nt?.T? set your ?wn ?ri?riti??.T? say “no” without feeling guilty.T? g?t wh?t you ??? f?r.T? h?v? ??ini?n? diff?r?nt th?n ?th?r?.T? t?k? care ?f ?nd ?r?t??t ??ur??lf fr?m b?ing thr??t?n?d ?h??i??ll?, m?nt?ll? ?r emotionally.T? ?r??t? ??ur ?wn happy and h??lth? life.These fund?m?nt?l human right? represent ??ur boundaries.Our ???i?t? i? riddl?d with l?t ?f ????l? wh? d? n?t r?????t our fund?m?nt?l hum?n right? n?r ?ur b?und?ri??. Em?ti?n?l manipulators, in particular, want t? deprive ??u ?f ??ur right? ?? th?? ??n ??ntr?l ?nd take ?dv?nt?g? ?f ??u.N?n?th?l???, ??u have th? ??w?r ?nd m?r?l ?uth?rit? to declare that it i? you, not the m?ni?ul?t?r, wh?’? in ?h?rg? ?f your lif?.2. K??? Y?ur Di?t?n??One w?? to fish ?ut a m?ni?ul?t?r i? to find ?ut if th? ??r??n ??t? with diff?r?nt f???? and b?h?vi?ur in th? ?r???n?? ?f different ????l? ?nd in diff?r?nt ?itu?ti?n?.Lik? a shape shifter wh? i? extremely ni?? to Mr A ?nd rud? t? Mr B without breaking a ?w??t in ?u?h a n?r?i??i?ti? m?nn?r, lik? h? is ?nj??ing it.While all ?f u? h?v? a degree ?f thi? t??? ?f ???i?l differentiation, ??m? emotional manipulators t?nd t? h?bitu?ll? dw?ll in ?xtr?m??, b?ing highly polite t? one individu?l ?nd completely rud? to another or totally h?l?l??? ?n? moment ?nd fi?r??l? ?ggr???iv? th? n?xt.Wh?n you observe thi? type ?f b?h?vi?ur fr?m an individu?l ?n a r?gul?r b??i?, k??? a h??lth? distance ?nd ?v?id ?ng?ging with th? ??r??n unless ??u ?b??lut?l? h?v? to. R????n? f?r chronic psychological manipulation are ??m?l?x ?nd d???-???t?d. It i? not ??ur j?b to ?h?ng? or ??v? th?m.3. Av?id P?r??n?liz?ti?n ?nd S?lf-Bl?m?It’s n?t always ??ur f?ult.Sin?? th? m?ni?ul?t?r’? ?g?nd? i? t? l??k f?r ?nd ?x?l?it ??ur weaknesses, it i? understandable th?t ??u m?? f??l inadequate, ?r even bl?m? ??ur??lf for n?t satisfying the m?ni?ul?t?r.In th??? ?itu?ti?n?, it i? im??rt?nt to r?m?mb?r th?t ??u ?r? n?t th? problem; you are ?im?l? b?ing m?ni?ul?t?d to f??l b?d ?b?ut yourself, in ?rd?r t? m?k? you more lik?l? t? ?urr?nd?r your ??w?r and right?.C?n?id?r ??ur relationship with th? manipulator, ?nd ??k th? f?ll?wing ?u??ti?n?:Am I b?ing tr??t?d with g?nuin? r?????t?Are thi? person’s ?x???t?ti?n? ?nd d?m?nd? of m? reasonable?I? th? giving in this r?l?ti?n?hi? ?rim?ril? ?n? w?? ?r tw? w????Ultim?t?l?, do I feel g??d about m???lf in this r?l?ti?n?hi??Do I ?v?n h?v? t? be in this r?l?ti?n?hi?Y?ur ?n?w?r? to these ?u??ti?n? give ??u im??rt?nt ?lu?? ?b?ut wh?th?r th? “problem” in th? r?l?ti?n?hi? is with ??u ?r the other ??r??n.For m?r? in-d??th inf?rm?ti?n ?n reducing ?r ?limin?ting ?v?r fifteen types ?f negative ?ttitud?? and f??ling?, ??? H?w t? L?t Go ?f N?g?tiv? Th?ught? and Emotions”4. Put th? Focus ?n Them b? Asking Pr?bing QuestionsM?n u?. Inevitably, ?m?ti?n?l manip ulators will m?k? requests (or d?m?nd?) of you.Th??? “?ff?r?” often m?k? you g? out ?f ??ur w?? to m??t th?ir needs as u?u?l. Wh?n ??u hear an unr????n?bl? solicitation, it’s sometimes useful t? ?ut the f??u? back ?n the m?ni?ul?t?r b? ??king a f?w ?r?bing ?u??ti?n?, t? ??? if ?h? ?r he h?? ?n?ugh ??lf-?w?r?n??? to r???gniz? the in??uit? ?f th?ir ??h?m?. For ?x?m?l?:“Does thi? ???m r????n?bl? to ??u?”“D??? that ??und f?ir to you?”“Do I have a say in thi??”“Ar? ??u ??king me ?r t?lling me?”“So, wh?t d? I get ?ut ?f thi??”“Ar? ??u really expecting me to [restate the in??uit?bl? request]?H?v? ??u ??n?id?r?d h?w thi? m?k?? m? f??l?Would you really do that f?r me if th? ?itu?ti?n w?? r?v?r??d?When ??u ask such ?u??ti?n?, ??u ?r? ?utting u? a mirr?r, ?? th? m?ni?ul?t?r can ??? the tru? n?tur? of his or h?r ?l??. If the manipulator has a degree ?f ??lf-?w?r?n???, h? ?r she will lik?l? withdraw th? d?m?nd and b??k down.On th? ?th?r h?nd, truly pathological manipu lators (such as a narcissist) will dismiss ??ur questions ?nd in?i?t ?n getting their w??. If thi? occurs, ???l? id??? from the f?ll?wing ti?? t? k??? ??ur ??w?r, and h?lt th? m?ni?ul?ti?n or simply l??v? if that is ?n ??ti?n.5. Use Time to Y?ur Adv?nt?g?In ?dditi?n to unreasonable r??u??t?, th? manipulator will ?ft?n ?l?? ?x???t an ?n?w?r fr?m ??u right away, t? maximize their pressure ?nd control ?v?r you in the ?itu?ti?n. (S?l?? ????l? ??ll thi? “closing th? deal.)During these m?m?nt?, in?t??d of responding t? the m?ni?ul?t?r’? request right ?w??, consider l?v?r?ging tim? t? ??ur ?dv?nt?g?, and di?t?n?ing ??ur??lf fr?m his ?r her immediate influ?n??. Y?u can exercise leadership ?v?r the ?itu?ti?n ?im?l? by saying:“I’ll think ?b?ut it.” Consider h?w powerful th??? f?w w?rd? are fr?m a customer t? a ??l????r??n ?r from a r?m?nti? prospect t? ?n ??g?r ?ur?u?r ?r fr?m a wife to a manipulative hu?b?nd.Fir?t, it will ?ut th?m in ?h??k ?? if they just lost th?ir super powers. Take th? time you n??d t? evaluate th? ?r?? ?nd ??n? ?f a situation, ?nd ??n?id?r wh?th?r ??u w?nt t? n?g?ti?t? a m?r? ??uit?bl? ?rr?ng?m?nt, ?r if ??u’r? better ?ff b? ???ing “no,” whi?h l??d? u? t? ?ur next ??int.6. Kn?w H?w to S?? “N?”?Di?l?m?ti??ll? But FirmlyTo b? ?bl? t? ??? “n?” di?l?m?ti??ll? but firml? is t? practice the ?rt of ??mmuni??ti?n.Eff??tiv?l? ?rti?ul?t?d, it ?ll?w? you t? ?t?nd ??ur gr?und whil? maintaining a w?rk?bl? r?l?ti?n?hi?. R?m?mb?r th?t ??ur fundamental hum?n right? include the right to ??t your own ?ri?riti??, the right t? say “n?” without feeling guilt?, ?nd the right t? choose ??ur own h???? and h??lth? lif?.If you ?v?ntu?ll? ??? n?, be sure t? add a f?w r????n? why ?nd say it with ?uth?rit? ?nd ??nfid?n?? with a littl? smile on ??ur f???. Trust m?, th?? w?uldn’t know wh?t hit them.7. C?nfr?nt Bulli??, S?f?l?A psychological manipulator also b???m?? a bull? wh?n h? ?r ?h? intimid?t?? or h?rm? another person.Th? most im??rt?nt thing to k??? in mind ?b?ut bulli?? i? th?t th?? ?i?k ?n th??? wh?m they perceive ?? w??k?r, so ?? long ?? ??u remain ????iv? ?nd ??m?li?nt, ??u make yourself a t?rg?t.But m?n? bulli?? are ?l?? ??w?rd?. Wh?n th?ir targets begin to show ??m? ??rt of b??kb?n? ?nd stand u? f?r th?ir right?, th? bull? will ?ft?n back d?wn. Thi? i? tru? in ??h??l??rd?, as w?ll as in d?m??ti? ?nd office ?nvir?nm?nt?.On ?n ?m??th?ti? note, studies show th?t m?n? bulli?? ?r? vi?tim? of violence th?m??lv??. Thi? in no w?? ?x?u??? bullying behaviour, but may h?l? you ??n?id?r the bull? in a m?r? equanimous light:Wh?n ????l? dont lik? themselves very mu?h, th?? have t? m?k? u? for it. Th? classic bull? w?? actually a vi?tim first.”â€"Tom Hiddl??t?n “S?m? ????l? tr? to b? tall b? ?utting off th? h??d? ?f others.”â€"Paramhansa Yogananda “I r??liz?d that bullying never has to d? with ??u. It? th? bull? whos in???ur?.” â€"Sh?? Mit?h?ll When ??nfr?nting bulli??, b? ?ur? to place ??ur??lf in a ???iti?n wh?r? you can ??f?l? protect yourself, wh?th?r it’? ?t?nding t?ll ?n your ?wn, h?ving ?th?r ????l? ?r???nt t? witness and ?u???rt, or k???ing a paper trail ?f th? bull?’? in???r??ri?t? b?h?vi?r.In ????? of physical, v?rb?l, ?r ?m?ti?n?l abuse, ??n?ult with counselling, legal, l?w enforcement, ?r ?dmini?tr?tiv? ?r?f???i?n?l?. It’s im??rt?nt t? stand u? t? bulli??, and ??u d?n’t h?v? t? d? it alone.8. S?t ConsequencesWhen a ????h?l?gi??l m?ni?ul?t?r insists on vi?l?ting your b?und?ri??, and won’t t?k? “no” f?r ?n ?n?w?r, deploy ??n???u?n??.Th? ability t? identify ?nd assert ??n???u?n??(?) is ?n? of the m??t im??rt?nt ?kill? you ??n u?? t? ?t?nd down a difficult ??r??n. Eff??tiv?l? ?rti?ul?t?d, ??n???u?n?? gives ??u?? t? the m?ni?ul?tiv? individual, ?nd compels her ?r him t? shift fr?m violation to r?????t.

The Council of Constance History, Significance, Impact

The Council of Constance (1414 to 1418) was an ecumenical council called by Pope John XXIII at the request of Sigismund, King of the Romans, to resolve the Great Schism, a near century-long split in the Catholic Church that resulted in Rome and the French stronghold of Avignon. A previous 1409 council in Pisa failed to resolve the problem, and by 1414, there were three claimants for the papacy: John XXIII in Pisa, Gregory XII in Rome, and Benedict XIII in Avignon. The council further sought to suppress a reform movement led by Jan Hus. Fast Facts: Council of Constance Description: Meeting of members of the Catholic Church designed to end the Great  Schism, as well as quash an insurgency led by dissident Jan HusKey Participants: Sigismund (King of the Romans), Pope John XXIII, Jan HusStart Date:  November 1414End Date: April 1418Location: Konstanz, Germany A Trap for Foxes On seeing Constance from a high hill, John XXIII was said to have declared that it looked â€Å"like a trap for foxes.† He had been reluctant to call a council at all and was particularly unhappy it was being held in Constance, a lakeside town of about 8,000 people located in the Alps, far from his allies in Italy. But Constance (Konstanz in German) was accessible to delegates from all over Europe and was some distance from the various popes’ key power bases in Italy and France. Constance also boasted a large warehouse that could seat the council, which was comprised of approximately 29 cardinals, 134 abbots, 183 bishops, and 100 doctors of law and divinity. This was the largest such council in the medieval era, and it brought tens of thousands of people to the  small town, including representatives from as far south as Ethiopia and as far east as Russia. Entertainers, merchants, and prostitutes flooded the area to serve the needs of the dignitaries and their entourages.  Ã‚   The official start of the Council was delayed until Christmas Eve,  1414, when Sigismund made a dramatic entry by crossing Lake Constance by boat just in time for midnight mass. Even before the council convened, Sigismund had become convinced that the only way to resolve the issue was to remove all three popes and select a single pope to rule from Rome. He quickly won many council members to his point of view. Three Popes Fall Friends warned John XXIII before he left Italy: â€Å"You may go to Constance a pope, but you will come home a common man. He was the only one of the three popes to make the journey in person, on the slim hope that his presence might earn him good will and allow him to stay in power. But once in Constance, he had a falling out with Sigismund. He was further hobbled by a decision by the Council in February 1415  to vote in blocs as â€Å"nations,† giving delegations like England, which sent about two dozen people, the same power as his hundred or so Italian supporters. Finally, detractors began spreading rumors about his immoral behavior as pope, opening the possibility of the Council excommunicating him and removing him from power. John stalled for time, promising to resign in a statement in early March 1415. Then, on March 20, he disguised himself as a workman and slipped out of the city for the refuge of a supporter in Austria. He was arrested in late April and returned to Constance. He was formally deposed as pope on May 29, and died in captivity on Dec. 22, 1419. Pope Gregory, who many believed had the strongest claim to the papacy, decided not to fight the Council. He resigned on July 4, 1415, and soon retreated to peaceful obscurity. Benedict refused to follow Gregory’s example. Even a summit with Sigismund in the summer of 1417 couldn’t persuade him. The Council finally lost patience, excommunicating him in July of that year and ending over a century of Avignon papacy. Benedict took refuge in the Kingdom of Aragon, which recognized him as pope until his death in 1423. With all three popes removed, the Council formed a conclave and selected Oddone Colonna, who had traveled to Constance with John XXIII and later took part in his removal, as the new and singular pope in November 1417. In honor of his election on St. Martin’s Day, he took the name Martin V and would work towards healing the wounds of the Schism until his death in 1431. The Martyrdom of Jan Hus As the Council worked to resolve the Great  Schism, they also took an aggressive step to quash a growing insurgency out of  Bohemia.   Jan Hus, a Catholic theologian from Bohemia,  had been critical, which sparked  a vocal reform movement. Hus was invited to Constance under a safe-conduct pass from Sigismund in the hopes of resolving the tensions between himself the Church. He arrived in the city on Nov. 3, 1414, and for the next several weeks was able to move around freely. On November 28, he was arrested and imprisoned, following a false rumor  that he was planning to flee. He was held in confinement until trial in early June 1415. During Huss  trial, supporters urged him to recant his beliefs in hopes of saving his life. He insisted that he would recant only if his dissident views were proven to be in error. He told his judges: â€Å"I appeal to Jesus Christ, the only judge who is almighty and completely just. In His hands I plead my cause, not on the basis of false witnesses and erring councils, but on truth and justice. On July 6, 1415, Hus was taken to the cathedral dressed in his priest’s robes. An Italian prelate preached a sermon on heresy and then condemned Hus from the pulpit. Hus was stripped of his robes, and a paper cone inscribed with the word Haeresiarcha (leader of a heretical movement) was put on his head before he was burned at the stake. Aftermath The Council of Constance concluded in April 1418. They had resolved the Great  Schism, but the execution of Hus sparked an uprising among his followers, the Hussites, that lasted for almost 30 years. In 1999, Pope John Paul II expressed his â€Å"deep regret for the cruel death inflicted on Hus† and praised  the reformers â€Å"moral courage.† Resources and Further Reading Stump, Phillip H. The Reforms of the Council of Constance (1414-1418). Brill, 1994.Wylie, James Hamilton. The Council of Constance to the Death of Jan Hus. Longmans, 1914.

Differences in Accounting Policies in US and UK Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Tesco plc has presented the company s financial statements in compliance with IFRS as per the requirement of the European Commission. An analysis of the accounting policies mentioned in both the companies annual reports, reveals several significant reporting differences reflective of the accounting standards followed by the companies. Tesco plc has reported the company s goodwill as an asset at the date of acquisition while apportioning it to every single cash-generating business unit that is expected to benefit from it. The company doesn t record the amortization of goodwill as per the rules of IAS 36/39 and IFRS 3; rather it reviews the impairment of goodwill on an annual basis at the minimum owing to the recoverable amount of all the cash-generating units associated with goodwill. If the company sells off any goodwill associated subsidiary, it records the attributable amount of goodwill as gain or loss on disposal i. e., as the extraordinary gains or losses (Tesco plc, Accounting Policies Note, p48). In order to test the good for any impairment, the company utilizes cash flow projection method to estimate the recoverable value of cash-generating units while assuming the values for discount rates, growth rates and the expected change in margins. We will write a custom essay sample on Differences in Accounting Policies in US and UK or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Target Corporation has presented goodwill along with the other intangible assets at the value of acquisition cost less amortization as it is allowed under the US GAAP. The amortization is recorded on the straight-line method. The company also has a policy of not amortizing some of its assets and reviews them annually for impairment tests. Target Corporation uses the discounted cash flow models to test the goodwill for impairment on the fair value (Target Corporation, Note 15, p31). The deferred tax policy of Tesco plc accounts for temporary discrepancies between the amounts of assets and liabilities while using the Balance Sheet liability method. The company calculates the deferred tax on the basis of expected rates and is reflected in the income statement.

Economic Government and Law Free Essays

Name: Miss Lalita Middle Name Leila Surname Miller Student Number: 9091439387H Year: 8, SD, WB Teacher Name/Code: Kruske/KRUSKO Subject: SOSE Essay about Economics, Government and the law Why is it important for students to learn about economics, government and the law in preparation for becoming responsible and active Australian citizens? Student needs to learn about economics, government and the law so they become a responsible citizen. Economics teaches us about budgeting and the different between needs and wants. It helps peoples make wise decisions with their money choices. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Government and Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now We need to know about the government so we can vote wisely and understand levels of government and their duties. We need to learn about the law so we understand it and we don’t break it. Study economic should help a student to become more financially responsible and will help them make more informed decisions as both a consumer and as a voter. Studying government will help students to know their responsibilities as a citizen of that country and studying law will develop their determination, commitment, intellect and stamina. Studying economics should help a student to become more financially responsible because Economics is best described as the study of humans behaving in response to having only limited resources to fulfil unlimited wants and needs. All humans have their rights and their responsibility. So it is important for students to learn about economic so they understand it, so they know â€Å"how to spend† â€Å"what to spend† â€Å"what we should spend our money on† and â€Å"how are they going to make more profit†. If you have a good understanding of economics you can know the different between needs and wants, know how to manage your budgeting. You can do comparison shopping to get the best deals at the best price so you can save more money. You can understand about business and be able to spot and understand the importance of secondary effects. By understanding the economic you can make better decisions about your personal life and make you more valuable to business. Understanding how government and the political system in Australia work should lead to more active citizenship because it will make us to be aware on what the officials are doing in our country, maybe we don’t know that they were taking our money (in short corrupting) so that’s why we need to be aware and alert. And so that’s why we also have a media for us to have details on what happening in our government. So we know how it runs. So we can make an educated decision when it comes to voting. This means that you are not just going to make your voting decision on a speech  or  TV program  that you see. You are going to be able to have a clear understanding of the different policies which are in place and you can compare one party  to another, ensuring you make the right decision for yourself. Understanding how government works can help us make an  educated decision when it comes to voting so we can be able to control the future of our country, including political movements and government  decision making. Studying  government  is going to ensure that you can make a  difference. It helps us understand the levels of government and our rights. Studying the law will help students to understand the law and obey it in a responsible manner. We need to learn about the law because Laws are very important for human beings to live a dignified and secured lifestyle. Laws provide us a sense of security. Understanding how the legal system works can help us understand our rights and know how the parliament makes the laws. It allows us to protect ourselves against tyranny, and it also allows us to make sure that we are acting lawfully at all times. It dramatically enhances the quality of our life. Studying law will help us understand how common law is shaped by precedent and statute law is made by Parliament It is important for students to learn about economics, government and the law because it prepares them for becoming responsible and active Australia citizens. We need to know what we want and what we need so we don’t spend our money on unnecessary things. We learn about government so we vote wisely, so we understand them. We need to know about law so we know our right, we do the right thing so we don’t break the law. We need to learn all these to make informed decisions. We are the future of this country. We need to do the right thing so others can follow. So Australia will have the best quality of people. Assessor 1. Mrs. Robyne Kruske/10 2. Mr. Jack Chalmers/10 3. Mrs. Bella Morita Bensherks/10 4. Mr. Steven Loxton/10 5. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. How to cite Economic Government and Law, Papers

To Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee (1926 - ) Essays -

To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee (1926 - ) To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee (1926 - ) Type of Work: Symbolic drama Setting Southern Alabama; early 1930s Principal Characters Atticus Fitch, an attorney and single parent Scout (Jean Louise Finch), his daughter, a young six-year old tomboy (and the story's narrator) Jem (Jeremy Finch), Scout's older brother Arthur "Boo" Radley, a mysterious, reclusive neighbor Tom Robinson, Atticus' Negro client Story Overveiw When Jem was nearly 13 years old his arm was badly broken at the elbow. After it healed and Jem was assured that he could still play football, his arm never bothered him - though it always remained shorter than the right, and hung at a funny angle. Years later, Jem and his sister, Scout, still talked about the accident and the events leading up to it. They finally agreed it had all started the summer when they tried to get Arthur "Boo" Radley to come out of his house. Jem and Scout lived in Maycomb, Alabama, a drowsy, isolated town where everyone knew everyone. Their mother had died when Scout was two years old. Calpurnia, a Negro cook, took care of them and taught them tolerance that took them beyond the rigid prejudices of Maycomb society' Their wise father, an attorney, Atticus Finch, played with them and read them stories. In fact, Scout learned to read before going to school which later caused trouble with her teacher, who didn't think early reading fit into proper educational theory. During the summer when Scout was six and Jem was ten, the children became fascinated with the Radley place next door. Most of the community's young people believed the house was haunted. At night children would cross the street rather than walk in front of the Radley house. Nuts that fell from the Radley pecan tree into the school yard were never eaten; surely, Radley nuts would kill you. A baseball hit into the Radley yard was a lost ball. Scout and Jem raced past the property on their way to or from school. The only person seen going in and out of the dwelling was old Nathan Radley, "the meanest man ever God blew breath into," according to Calpurnia. But inside the weathered home also lived "Boo," Nathan's younger brother. No one had seen Boo for the past twenty years. It was said that he had gotten into some "trouble" all those years ago and had been imprisoned in the house ever since first by his now dead father and then by Nathan. All that summer Scout and Jem bravely assailed the Radley home, trying to get a glimpse of Boo. They never saw him; but they did see evidence of his existence. On one occasion, Jem's torn pants (lost on a wire fence while escaping from the Radley yard) were returned to him - mended. Another night, when a fire forced the Finches out of their house, Scout, shivering in the cold, found a blanket suddenly thrust around her shoulders. "We'd better keep ... the blanket to ourselves," Atticus gently said. "Someday, maybe, Scout can thank him for covering her up." "Thank who?" Scout asked. "Boo Radley," replied her father. "You were so busy looking at the fire you didn't know it when he put the blanket around you." Atticus finally ordered his two children to stop harassing Arthur: "What Mr. Radley did was his own business. If he wanted to come out, he would. If he wanted to stay inside his own house he had the right to stay inside free from the attention of inquisitive children." Through the next fall and winter, objects began to mysteriously appear in the knot-hole of a tree on the corner of the Radley property: gum, then twine, a carved soap sculpture, Indian-head pennies, and other treasures - gifts clearly intended for Scout and Jem. Boo became even more of a puzzle. The following summer, trouble cropped up over Atticus' recent appointment as defense counsel for Tom Robinson, a Negro accused of raping a white girl, Mayella Violet Ewell. The Ewells were the lowest family in Maycomb society. But Mayelia was white and Tom was black: no matter how trashy the girl might be, her honor had to be upheld against a Negro. What angered many of the townspeople most was Atticus's attempt to truly defend Tom. Atticus and his children had several threats aimed at pressuring them to let things stay as they'd always been in the South. But Atticus felt Tom was innocent, and he would do all he could to prove it. "Every lawyer gets at least one case in his lifetime that affects him personally,"