Medical Anthropology A Subfield Of Anthropology - 947 Words

While critiquing medical anthropology, a subfield of anthropology that analyzes how different factors influence population health, pharmaceutical spheres are often overlooked in the way drugs are distributed and manufactured; there are distinctive agents that explain how a pharmaceutical territory could become an environment with a disrupted drug distribution system and with neglect for the impoverished. In 1990s Nigeria, its national drug market constituted around 30 to 70 percent of fake drugs (Peterson 6). Numerous drug markets were also run by criminals who facilitate activities in the wholesaling process of distributions (Peterson 16). Likewise, homeless AIDS patients in Brazil were outcasted from access to ARVs as an universal health therapy (Biehl 1112). All of these facts are pervasive threats to the integrity of human health. Therefore, neighborhoods involving pharmaceuticals demoralize fragile populations through the implications of how clinical trials exploit treatment nai ve populations, the everyday risk of how traders speculate pharmaceutical markets, and the disturbance of how structural violences reveal a sense of injustice for drug resistance treatment. Clinical trials are often practiced in determining whether a drug is validated for safe and effective distribution. They are branched into three stages and are generally sponsored by biotechnological companies (Rajan 67). The first and second stages are to determine whether the drug molecule is safe forShow MoreRelatedHuman Nature And The Organization Of Human Society1742 Words   |  7 Pagespossible by combining the 3 subfields of anthropology. These fields come together to help solve not only present day cases but with technology and advancements we are able to solve decade old cases. Anthropology can be traced all the way back to ancient Greek writings about human nature and the organization of human society. In the 400s BC lived a Greek historian named Herodotus. Herodotus was the first to write widely on concepts that eventually became a part of anthropology. He describes variousRead MoreEssay on What Is Anthropology? How Is It Done?2374 Words   |  10 PagesWhat Is Anthropology? How Is It Done? People enter the field of anthropology for a variety of reasons. Some people enter the field by accident. This means that they did not intend on becoming an anthropologist. Some people were interested in the field from the start. One person married a social anthropologist; and, after living with a group of people for two years wrote an ethnography about the people. The first story is about Adrienne Zihlman. She is a paleoanthropologist. She collects allRead MoreThe Anthropology Of Cultural Anthropology1370 Words   |  6 Pagescultural anthropology, which seeks to understand the purpose and place of the humans in this world. It will include anthropology as a social science, the concept of culture, and it would also introduction the human evolution and to archaeology, ethnographic field methods. The importance of human language, human development, patterns, global economy, marriage and the family, gender issues, global politics and local political organization, social stratification, medical anthropology, ethnicityRead MoreReview of Conrad Kottaks Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity2863 Words   |  11 PagesConrad Kottaks Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity (12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008), having gone through 12 editions since its first publication in 1974, deserves its reputation as a widely-used comprehensive introduction for undergraduates to the field of anthropology. As with other recently published textbooks, it is a multifaceted, colorful production that includes an ebook version, a CD-ROM, and supplementary Website material. With this extensive array of material it appliesRead MoreThe Health Of Health Psychology999 Words   |  4 PagesHealth psychologists research on different ways to â€Å"overcome illnesses more quickly, and how to change people’s attitude† on health problems such as smoking, stress management and weight loss. (Kuther, 2006, p. 5) Professionals study ing in the health subfield of psychology work in research settings like universities and schools, as well as clinics and hospitals. (Kuther, 2006). The duties of health psychologists are to answer controversial health questions and concerns as detailed by Lyons and ChamberlainRead MoreA Career in Medical Psychology1223 Words   |  5 Pagesbranch of philosophy until the 1870s, whenever the idea created just as one separate medical discipline. Psychology edges with a few other career fields as well as physiology, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, sociology, anthropology, along with philosophy as well as other pieces of the humanities. I’m going to offer you look at this medical therapy. I am going to going to allow take on the specific with Medical therapy. I’m going to discuss the specific career do the job information the actualRead MoreCultural Anthropology6441 Words   |  26 PagesAnthropology 1A03 Exam Review Week 7 Monday October 18-Thursday October 21 â€Å"Expressive Culture† (Miller Text Chapter 11) Expressive Culture October 18: Expressive Culture is: Behaviour and beliefs related to art, leisure, and play. - linked to other cultural domains such as: Exchange: pot latching art and dance, Bodily modification. Decorations, tattoos Religion: clothing, practices, etc. What is Art? Art is application of imagination, skill and style to matters movement, and soundRead MoreIdentifying And Collecting Physical Evidence1392 Words   |  6 Pages The different ways used to examine the evidence is called forensic science. Forensic science is the application of biochemical and other scientific techniques, also the study of physical evidence . There are many subfields of Forensic Science including Forensic Anthropology, Forensic Biology, Forensic Chemistry, Forensic Computer Science, Forensic Psychology, etc. Forensic scientists do not collect evidence, interrogate suspects, or make arrests. Their job is to examine and analyze theRead MoreWhat Is It To Be Convincing? At First, This Appears As1750 Words   |  7 Pagesjustice, and depending on the audience, an answer to whether the idea of morality is involved. At this point, it is clear this is no longer merely a question of philosophy or the arts. After all, the fields of law, political science, economics, anthropology and sociology all claim an interest in some manifestation of one (or more) of these keywords: belief, authenticity, reality, subjects, politics, authority, legitimacy, justice, and morality. Now, we are only a few paragraphs in and the developmentRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesFigures 2.3 and 2.4 compare conventional models of Western medical practice and Chinese medicine. Doctors working in a traditional modernist frame claim: †¢ †¢ †¢ That they are objective observers of their patients. Their collections of empirical data dictate their findings and the theories of medicine. That although ‘mistakes’ can happen, they are corrected by the surveillance of the wider medical community. That the scientific stocks of medical knowledge advance as doctors learn more about the social

Paper on “Night” by Elie Wisel Free Essays

Elie’s Spiritual Journey In Elie Wisel’s Night, Elie goes through an incredible spiritual change. In the beginning of his book he is striving to become the most devoted Jew he can. This is illustrated by his â€Å"crying because something inside me felt the need to cry† as he was praying in the temple. We will write a custom essay sample on Paper on â€Å"Night† by Elie Wisel or any similar topic only for you Order Now His devotion to Judism is also shown by his desire to study the Kabbalah. When his father discourages him from studying this â€Å"world of mysticism† Elie begins looking for his own teacher, and he finds Moishe the Beadle. Moishe helps Elie see why he prays and guide him in the teaching of the Kabbalists. One of the first times Elie’s faith is tested is when he first gets to Birkenau and sees the crematorium. There people are expecting death yet his father says â€Å"May His name be celebrated and sanctified. † Elie gets mad at his father for saying this, because Elie had an expectation from his devotion to Judism. He expects to have a long life with minimal trials thanks to his devotion. However, when his faith is tested he says: â€Å"For the first time I felt anger rising within me. Why should I sanctify His name? The Almighty and terrible Master of the Universe, chose to be silent. What was there to thank him for? † This shows he is disappointed in God. The Bible says â€Å"give thanks in all circumstances, for this is God’s will for you in Christ Jesus† (1 Thessalonians 5:18) Elie’s attitude is not thankful and even hating. We see that Elie also feels like God has left Elie and the Jews. In chapter 4 a young boy is hanged from the gallows. As he slips in and out of death someone says: â€Å"For God’s sake, where is God? † Elie says â€Å"Where He is? This is where – hanging here from this gallows. † Elie now believes God is dead or has forgotten about His people. His response shows that he has begun to totally disregard God, and even question himself as well as his faith. Elie is upset that God is allowing the Jews to be slaughtered. â€Å"You have betrayed (the inmates) allowing them to be tortured, slaughtered, gassed, and burned! What do they do? They pray before you! They praise your name! † This statement from chapter 5, during Rosh Hashanah, shows that Elie is definitely mad at God for letting the Holocaust happen. The next two paragraphs show how Elie’s faith has been shattered. â€Å"I knew my sins grieved the Almighty so I pleaded for forgiveness. . . But, now I no longer pleaded for anything. . . I was the accuser, God the accused. † These two statements reveal that Elie feels the power of the Holy Spirit to ask for forgiveness, yet he ignores it. He chooses instead to accuse God and to block out His voice. Despite all these times when he has denied God, Elie still begins his Nobel Peace Prize speech with a prayer. He goes on to talk about a small boy (him) that has emerged from the Kingdom of Night, the Holocaust. He said â€Å"A young Jewish boy discovered the Kingdom of Night. I remember his bewilderment, I remember his anguish. It all happened so fast. Elie also talks about his Judism. He tells everyone that his â€Å"First response is to Jewish fears. † He wants everyone to know that he will not stand by as his people are persecuted. As he draws his speech to a close he says, â€Å"Should Israel lose but one war, it would mean her end and ours as well. But I have faith. † This comment as well as his enti re speech, shows that Elie has, perhaps, restored his faith in God, despite his bitterness. However, only God knows his heart. Only God knows what that little boy crying in the temple went through, as he traveled through the Kingdom of Night. How to cite Paper on â€Å"Night† by Elie Wisel, Essay examples

Overview of Once Were Warriors Essay Example For Students

Overview of Once Were Warriors Essay In the film Once Were Warriors, Lee Tamahori, director of the film, achieves the traditional-modern binary through the usage of diegetic and non-diegetic sounds, and thus derives the plot to its end. Tamahori uses diegetic sound effects, such as wind/traditional song/hakka, to convey Beths movement towards her culture, and also uses non-diegetic sound to conclude Beths inner dilemma, as opposed to using dialogues to weigh both sides of traditional-modern binary. Therefore, through examination of these sounds, this essay will focus on how the plot is derived to the end, to where Beth and her children will keep their tradition while Jake remains trapped in his alienated urban existence. Tamahori uses diegetic sounds to emphasize tradition and thus allows Beth to make a smooth transition from the unstable and dangerous urbanized life to her culture. Tamahori conveys this transition with the usage of diegetic sounds â€Å"impl a visible onscreen source†1(pg. 86), like how he uses sound bridge to carry â€Å"sound over a visual transition,† (pg. 187) to a woman singing a Maori traditional song from Beths close up to the woman (through scenes 1. b) to 2. b). Followed by Boogies classmates doing the Haka dance, it is evident that tradition dominates the modern society for everyone in the funeral. A short dialogue of Weve come home Grace, were home (scene 5) terminates the transition, as it conveys that Beth has turned completely away from her ignorant past. Therefore by using traditional sounds, Tamahori emphasizes the Maori culture and conveys to the viewers that Beth has now settled as a Maori. Modern binary is introduced with the scene where Jake and his friends are having a beer in a pub. Jake’s dialogue of â€Å"Am I never good enough? † at scene 12 expresses Jake’s low self-esteem, possibly coming from his background as a slave, and his follow up dialogue, of denying to an offer to visit Grace’s funeral, tells the viewers that Jake still wants to remain parted from his Maori tradition. Also, this dialogue points out his unwillingness to change his roots. This argument is made stronger with Jake’s next dialogue of worrying about Grace. He asks his friends if he was too hard on the kid (Grace), which portrays his possible feeling of guilt towards her suicide, but also portrays irresponsibility of not wanting to take part in the funeral. Overall, this scene portrays modernism by Jake’s dialogues of denial as well as showing his stubbornness of not going to the funeral, not wanting to be part of Maori culture, and to keep his stance in the urban society. Tamahori also uses dialogues to keep focusing on the tradition, when Beth talks about her childhood at scenes 13 to 20. She shows, by her choice of words and breaking down after she finishes, that she is regretful and shameful for her past and is willing to turn back to her culture and change. The diegetic sounds of voice-off sniffing and mourning also adds tension and strength to Beth’s story. The usage of non-diegetic sound emphasizes tradition because it only appears when Beth is telling her story. By being unique, it directs extra attention to the story and introduces the viewers once again to the Maori culture through hearing her story growing up as a Maori. This sound and Beth’s story creates a synergy and when Beth’s story is finished, Nig breaks down along with Beth, in which with his dialogue, the scene comes to a closure. It also plays a significant role because it imposes a stronger message of Beth’s willingness to return to her real home. .ua29a78065a6a8700062961f2ef7fd00e , .ua29a78065a6a8700062961f2ef7fd00e .postImageUrl , .ua29a78065a6a8700062961f2ef7fd00e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua29a78065a6a8700062961f2ef7fd00e , .ua29a78065a6a8700062961f2ef7fd00e:hover , .ua29a78065a6a8700062961f2ef7fd00e:visited , .ua29a78065a6a8700062961f2ef7fd00e:active { border:0!important; } .ua29a78065a6a8700062961f2ef7fd00e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua29a78065a6a8700062961f2ef7fd00e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua29a78065a6a8700062961f2ef7fd00e:active , .ua29a78065a6a8700062961f2ef7fd00e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua29a78065a6a8700062961f2ef7fd00e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua29a78065a6a8700062961f2ef7fd00e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua29a78065a6a8700062961f2ef7fd00e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua29a78065a6a8700062961f2ef7fd00e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua29a78065a6a8700062961f2ef7fd00e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua29a78065a6a8700062961f2ef7fd00e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua29a78065a6a8700062961f2ef7fd00e .ua29a78065a6a8700062961f2ef7fd00e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua29a78065a6a8700062961f2ef7fd00e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Erendira - Directed by Ray Guerra EssayTherefore, through playing a traditional hymn as the background music with it being the only non-diegetic sound, Tamahori portrays the sense of belonging of Beth in her culture. Through the usage of diegetic and non-diegetic sounds, Tamahori achieves the tradition-modern binary in the film Once Were Warriors, placing Beth as traditional and Jake as modern. This part of the movie is important because it shows the start of Beth and her children’s new life as a Maori, while Jake chooses to remain trapped in his alienated urban existence that causes his violence and alcoholism.

Stigma paper Essay Example

Stigma paper Essay Stigma Paper According to Rosenberg and Travis, the term stigma comes from ancient Greece, where It meant a bodily sign designed to expose something unusual and bad about the moral status of [an Individual] (p. 34) It was also stated that stigmatize people are those marked as bad, unworthy, and polluted because of the category they belong to, for example, because of their disability, or their disability, or their race, sex, sexual orientation, or social class category (p. 34). I dont know if I agree with the moral aspect of the definition as, I personally, define stigma as the worth, or lack hereof, that a society places on a group or individual based on external factors. Any individual, group or society that is considered stigmatize, is ostracizes from society (in various degrees) and for various reasons. Some of the most common reasons throughout history have been disability (rather perceived or real), race, sex, ethnicity, gender, social class and sexual orientation. There are many different group of people who are stigmatize, within a given society, for many deferent reasons. Because there are so many defendant stigma groups and so much variation, I am ongoing to focus on the most commonly stigmatize groupings which are based on peoples race, their ethnicity, their sex, gender differences, social-class status, their sexual orientation and disabilities. According to the Mixed-Race article In the text, Historically, race was grounded in the myth of biologically separate, exclusive, and distinct populations (p. 2). The article suggest that the majority of African- Americans have, on average, 14th European genes based on their ancestry. America is also referred to as a melting-pot of race and culture, which is why there are so any multi-racial individuals and mixed-race families. There are some issues that naturally arise with mixed race families and individuals as they sometimes feel confused about their racial identities. We will write a custom essay sample on Stigma paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Stigma paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Stigma paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Many times this can lead multi-racial individuals feeling like they do not know which part to play in society and/or feeling completely ostracizes from not feeling Like they completely fit into any specific racial category. I am of the pollen that race Is somewhat of an outdated concept as many people are now a combination of different races and Identify themselves more based n culture and socio-economic status. Further, when one considers the fact that race has very little to do with culture, especially in America where culture and race are intertwined and have no barriers, race is a lot less distinguishing factor. According to Race and the Constructions of Human Identity by Audrey Smelled, Ethnic groups have always existed in the sense that clusters of people living in demarcated areas develop lifestyles and language features that distinguish them from others and they perceive themselves as being separate societies with distinct social histories (p. 6). This article particularly focuses on the Asian experience in America and how they are becoming Increasingly polarize. Up until the sasss, Asian-American immigrants were largely polarize due to underestimations and being Isolated Into specific ethnic groups, namely, Japanese, Chinese and Filipino people. Due to Increasing delimitation and a lack of representation, they created the Pan-Aslant ethnicity to create a united front. The Pan-Asian American movements purpose was equality. They have not been as successful as a collective group due to in-house agreements, due to differences in cultural/ethical customs and norms. I dont necessarily think that a united front is the best solution as there are considerable cultural differences in Asian, Japanese, Korean and Filipino cultures. At this point, they all have a large enough American population that they could all form their own groups with the same purpose and have a lot more productivity as they will no longer have the barrier of cultural misunderstandings. I would define a persons sex based on their biological reproductive system. That being said, there are many exceptions o the traditional means of determining ones sex. In Alice Dredgers article Wheres the Rulebook for Sex Verification? , she states that, the biology of sex is a lot more complicated that the average fan (person) believes. Many think that simply look at a persons sex chromosomes (p. 123). This article goes on to discuss how many people are born with both sex organs and their sexual development is based purely on hormones, or a lack there of. In some cases both male and female genitalia are fully developed. In this article they discuss Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome, where omen have both an X and a Y chromosome due to a lack of androgen hormones. These women also suffer from a lack of body hair, a lack of muscle and brain growth as a result of the hormone deficiency. With this syndrome, a person can look male- typical on the outside but be female-typical on the inside, or vice versa (p. 123). Unlike sex, gender is not physical nor is it biological Gender is defined purely based on how an individual sees his or herself. The majority of times those who are and appear to be males identify with masculinity and see themselves as males and males usually identify with femininity and see themselves as females. Gender is usually dictated by what is considered standard behavior for a male or female in any given culture or society. It is generally argued that gender differences are completely socialized and that males and females do not have any inherent differences. The text poses the question, If gender varies across cultures, over historical time, among men and women within any one culture, and over the life course, can we really speak of masculinity or femininity as though they were constant, universal essence, common o all women and all men (p. 118)? I believe that males are inherently more protective and aggressive while females are naturally more nurturing and compassionate. Not saying that this is the case for everyone, but as a whole, I tend to agree with this concept. However, the issues arise when men and women are socialized to display these natural characteristics in negative ways based on colonization from the media, family and peers. Social class is determined by ones economic capabilities as well as their power (relationships with other influential people). In Michael Swigs article Whats Class Got to Do with It? he described the concept of class as the following: We are of course all individuals, but our individuality and personal life chances are shaped limited or enhanced by the economic and social class in which we have grown up and in which we exist as adults (p. 130). This article goes on to describe the differences in the various classes. There are working class individuals who are generally, blue-collar and white-collar (low level) employees who have very little effect on the management or pace of their work environment. They are generally in the reduction and distribution of goods, service industries, skilled/unskilled laborers the middle of the general income distribution. Mostly referring to people who work for a wage but are able to live comfortable, modest lives. This is the largest socio- economic class, so it can range anywhere from a well compensated, unionized laborer or lower management all the way to small business owners who employ up to 500 people. Then there is the upper class or ruling class who generally own large businesses and corporations that employ more than 500 people. These are the Coos, Coffs, and board members who are legitimately rich and have a tremendous reach as far as power and influence as well. I would define sexual orientation as one persons personal attraction to a certain sex or gender. The three most common sexual orientations are heterosexual (straight), homosexual (gay), and bisexual (likes both). There are many reasons that those who are not heterosexual are, and always have been, stigmatize. The most common reason being ignorance. The vast majority of the population is heterosexual and thus ignorant and fearful of any other sexual orientation as they would be considered out of the norm. There have been a lot of jaded studies that have questioned and explored the cause of homo/bisexuality. They have all had various results Some believe that the cause is biological, some have found that it is genetic, others have concluded that it is a socially learned behavior and others think that it is a combination of factors. The main reason that they have been so severely and universally stigmatize is because it is something different that the majority of the population does not fully understand. Especially in Christian nations such as the United States, where people believe that homosexual thoughts and acts are an offense to God in some way. The lesbian, bisexual, gay, transvestite, and questionable community have made great strides as of late Fighting for civil right/liberties. It reminds me a lot of the civil rights movement of the asss and asss because, I see it as the exact same situation. Less than 50 years ago Black people were in the same position, where they were seen as sub-human and interracial relationships, amongst many other civil rights/liberties were seen by the sorority of the population as an absolute abomination. I think that a lot of the people who are currently anti-gay and go out of their way to make it known are going to, eventually, realize that they were being ignorant and hateful and hopefully they will be embarrassed by that and change. That being said, I still think that there is a lot of work to be done before the general stigma is diminished to the point that society as a whole will be that enlightened. In an abstract by Harlan Hahn entitled Toward a Politics of Disability: Definitions, Disciplines, and Policies, she states that Increasingly, the subject of physical disability has emerged as a major focus of research in psychology, sociology and economics as well as in several recent anthologies which combine the perspectives of various disciplines. Yet, disability policy has been virtually ignored by political scientists. That is to say that, despite drawing a lot of attention in academic studies, politicians and political scientist have ignored the issue of disabled individuals. This is a prime example of an extremely stigmatize population. Again, because it does not affect the majority of the population The general public and policymakers do not see it as an issue. The worst part about this group in particular is that, unlike most other stigmatize groups, they cannot disguise their disabilities nor can they advocate for themselves. There are reasons. For whatever reasons, different people are alienated from society because they are different in some way, misunderstood and rejected. The universal issue with all stigmatize groups is that they are rejected because society as a whole would rather reject anything different than to take the time to understand it.

Understanding and Management Diversity

Understanding and Management Diversity Introduction Cultural diversity refers to the range of different people we have in this universe. Some scientists argue that just as biodiversity is important to the survival of all animals in the food chain, so is biodiversity. It invokes all areas of our social activities, from employment, entertainment, educational policy, reaching into the health policies we partake of (Bledsoe, 2010 23).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding and Management Diversity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Western countries are not devoid of racial profiling, in fact, most western civilizations are often seen in light of subjective criticism for not recognizing diversity of its people in its true sense as evident in crusades for diversity (Harvey, 2008 49). Certainly looking at history, we can appreciate the importance of cultural diversity. The inventions of the early times from various social settings located in different plac es all over the world, give a general view of the good of several cultures brought together to form today’s great nations. China’s invention of the compass put the western civilization in touch with other continents via navigation. We cannot fail to appreciate the invention of numbering system as discovered by the Arabs, in Arabic numerals. Spanish civilization also contributed their Mediterranean knowledge and astronomy, medical, optics and geometrical knowledge to the western world, Europe to be precise (Harvey, 2008 48). Managing diversity We can define diversity management as organizational management procedures that help organizations respond to increasing diversity in the economic field (Brownwyn, 2009 62). We can also define it as the intentional actions of an organization to try and create an inclusion of personnel from various backgrounds into the various organizational structures, through policies and programs that are purposeful in harmonizing the organizati on. The US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (E. E. O. C.) The EEOC is an agency that concerns itself with the task of correcting wrongful discrimination from employers who seek to undermine the rights of individuals in the employment position. EEOC operates under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also works under the Age Discrimination mandate. A few other Acts are covered by the agency. The EEOC files suits against employees for discrimination in place of an employee. It also adjudicates federal agencies’ discrimination claims. A broadcasting company called KOHK, with its parent company, Sinclair Broadcasting Group, was recently involved in a sex and race discrimination claim against a female staff employee, Phyllis Williams. Phyllis had worked for the company since 1996, and until August 2007, she had been subjected to une qual terms and employment conditions. The company had paid her less than her other equally qualified male counterparts. She signed an employee contract for higher pay in August 2007, but the company had offered the same contracts to other reporters for the same channel, Fox 25. The suit was filled by EEOC after the company’s councilors had tried to reach a pre-litigation settlement. Miss Williams went on to pursue a retaliation claim under the civil rights order. This would protect her from retaliation and discrimination from KOKH. The broadcasting company conceded to a settlement as consideration for the latter, and a $45,000 payment for discrimination. The managers from this company have since taken all measures to prevent other suits from being filled against them. It taught them to mind the employees’ right to work in an environment that is free of race and sex discrimination (EEOC, 2011). Different opinions held by the press release in comparison to the EEOC There is little difference in the press release as compared to the version released in the news script. Notable difference is only present in the EEOC definitions of sex discrimination and race discrimination. The definitions from the EEOC delve deeper into the sense of the word discrimination, and broadly classifies the different modes of discrimination at the workplace (EEOC, 2011). The lawsuit between Phyllis Williams and KOKH promotes social change when it comes to work-related areas. Most other companies must have reviewed their employee privileges when the suit was aired about a week or two ago. No company would delay such a move knowing fully well how much credibility and money it stands to loose in a lawsuit.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding and Management Diversity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The American population is comprised of a great number of whites than most other races, and looking at the history of the discrimination policy, we can see that strategies have been built to prevent such prejudicial situations from cropping up in the work environment. Being a manager involves implementing these steps and policies proposed by research institutions. Understanding and management diversity Research shows that in the US, 38% of the African-American population felt that they were still being discriminated for their race, while 76% of the White population felt that the numbers were not reflecting the truth of the situation; they thought that racial discrimination had dropped in the last half of the last century. Research also indicates that 46% of the African-American population thought the relationship between the two groups was improving. This can compare to a 59% White population that seems to agree with the opinion. 80% of the African-American populations believe that interracial relationships were good and acceptable to them, as did 70 % of the White population. Other figures in the report suggested that 57% of the White population wanted to be in interracial relationships with a higher figure of 78% of the African-American population having the same views. In this sense, it is ironical why the African-American population felt that discrimination was still prevalent in society, but according to Harvey (2008 49), it’s not the utterances and derogatory remarks, as Whites think, but according to African-Americans, the institutional policies and practices/privileges at question. That is to say, they feel it is the prejudice they feel directed to them based on their race (Harvey, 2008 46-47). Racial disparities at the work place The Harvey (2008 50-51) suggests that 61% of whites surveyed felt they had equal job opportunities with the African-Americans while only a contrasting 12% of African Americans felt they had equal chances as the Whites. The researchers concluded that while the African Americans could hardly get a chance to be interviewed , the white applicants had a batter chance at being hired in favor of their race. In health care Research indicates that Whites get higher quality service at the medical centers in the US for the same insurance policy as compared to the African-Americans. It also shows that doctors tend to have the opinion that African-American patients are not as intelligent and are likely to neglect medical advice.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Looking at law enforcement, we realize that the criminal justice system also applies racial profiling as a pre-judicial strategy in determining the capacity of suspects to fit the criminal profile. Statistics indicate that every year, at least 90% of African Americans who get their vehicles stopped by police are not arrested, meaning that the probability that an African-American driver whose car has been stopped is actually guilty of committing a crime lies at 10% (Harvey, 2008 52). The American government has embarked on an anti-discriminatory multiracial design whose essence leaves considerable room for choice regarding which country one prefers to have an allegiance to, or whom the person worships so long as they remain loyal to America. References Bledsoe, M. T. (2010). Journal of Diversity Management. Diversity Management: Seeking Validation , 5, 23. Print Brownwyn W., P. S. (2009). Managing Diversity: A Twenty-First Century Agenda. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations , 61-76. Print EEOC. (2011). Sex-Based Discrimination. Retrieved from US. Equal Employment Oportunity Commission: https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sex.cfm EEOC. (2011, March 3). Channel 25 Settles EEOC Race And Sex Bias Suit. Retrieved from US. Equal Employment Oprotunity Commission: https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/3-3-11a.cfm Harvey P., J. Allard. (2008). Understanding and Managemet Diversity (4 ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Print

Sample Essay on the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

Sample Essay on the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Sample Essay on the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA is an advanced research projects agency. This agency functions as a part of the Department of Defense for the United States. They are responsible for developing new technologies primarily for the use by the US military. It was under President Dwight D Eisenhower that the organization was created at the beginning of 1958. This organization was founded in order to research and develop projects which expanded what we knew of science and technology, something which was designed to go beyond our immediate military needs. The administration created the organization in response to the Soviet launching Sputnik, with the overarching goal of making sure the United States military would have more sophisticated technology than any potential enemies. In spite of the fact that the organization name has been changed multiple times the internal structure with this sole mission remains the same. As time has moved forward the projects overseen by this organization have changed their focus on hypersonic research, aerospace planes, and strategic computing programs. Interstellar travel has become the main point of discussions of more recent symposiums. This branch is independent from any other research associated with the military; rather than responding to the military chain of command it responds directly to the Department of Defense. As of right now, there are 240 personnel working for the entity and the budget is set at 3 billion dollars. Some of the projects funded by this organization have offered significant technological advances in things such as graphical user interfaces as well as computer networking. The branch has many program offices all of which report to the director. Each program office covers a different project area. There is the Information Office, the Micro Systems Technology Office, the Tactical Technology Office, the Strategic Technology Office, the Adaptive Execution Office, the Defense Sciences Office, and the Biological Technologies Office. Over the course of this nearly six decades long history, this organization has successfully completed many advanced research projects such as the wearable jetpack where soldiers could run at faster speeds, cancer research, a humanoid robots, technologies for the 6th generation jet fighters, anti-submarine warfare vessels, acoustic gunfire locators, combat zone surveillance cameras, reusable space transport, long-range anti-ship missiles, battery powered human exoskeletons, higher producing computer systems, lightweight autonomy, and ground technology. This of course is only a very limited list of all of the projects overseen by this organization. Overall, what was started as a response to a potential Soviet threat has quickly become one of the most relied upon organizations for any scientific and technological related developments. With the overarching goal of remaining technologically advanced in comparison to potential enemies, the United States military has been able to successfully complete a multitude of projects under the 3 billion dollar budget for this branch all of which have garnered a great deal of success and even those which were not necessarily successful themselves offered information and insight essential to pursue additional avenues. This organization is something President Dwight D Eisenhower would be really proud of. References: Belfiore, Michael P. The Department Of Mad Scientists. [Washington, D.C.]: Smithsonian Books, 2009. Print. Buehler, Martin, Karl Iagnemma, and Sanjiv Singh. The DARPA Urban Challenge. Berlin: Springer, 2009. Print. DARPA Neural Network Study. Fairfax, Va., USA: AFCEA International Press, 1988. Print. Drezner, Jeffrey A, Geoffrey Sommer, and Robert S Leonard. Innovative Management In The DARPA High Altitude Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Program. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1999. Print. Jacobsen, Annie. The Pentagons Brain. Print. Roland, Alex and Philip Shiman. Strategic Computing. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002. Print. Rouff, Chris and Michael G Hinchey. Experience From The DARPA Urban Challenge. London: Springer-Verlag London Limited, 2012. Print.

Curriculum Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Curriculum Theory - Essay Example The curriculum theory of the nineteenth century, with its emphasis on mental discipline through rote learning , as portrayed by Charles Dickens in his book 'Hard Times' has undergone a sea change in the modern times. In the nineteenth century America, the teacher was the center of the education system. Ill trained and ill-equipped, the teacher struggled on to teach the three R's to his dwindling students. But by 1890, the rapid industrialization and urbanization of the country led to a change in the role of the school and the teacher. By then society had also begun to change from the mostly agrarian communities to industrial communities. More attention was now given to curriculum in schools, as the 'monitorial method' which was adopted in cities like New York, did not last long. The main curriculum theory until the last part of the nineteenth century was that of 'Mental Discipline', a theory followed from the time of Plato The tremendous expansion of the railroad and the newspapers and magazines in the 1890s brought about more changes in the curriculum theory according to the book "The Struggle for American Curriculum 1893-1958" by Herbert Kliebard. Articles in some of the popular journals described schools as "joyless and dreary places" (Kliebard 6), calling for a more suitable curriculum. In 1837, with the creation of the State Board of Education with the eminent Horace Mann as the head, the first milestone was laid for compulsory education. The first Compulsory Education Law was enacted in Massachusetts in 1852. In 1947, the state passed a law requiring every town to run a grammar school to which attendance was compulsory for the children. Parents were fined if they did not send their children to school. The classical, rote form of learning with its harsh discipline and verbatim recitation was opposed by psychologists like William James and Edward Thorndike causing a national debate. The society itself was becoming interested in more useful knowledge being imparted to the students. In the early twentieth century, the Great Depression caused the educationists to consider using schools for social reform. When in 1918, John Dewey advocated Progressive education, his ideas that the schools should reflect the society had a tremendous impact on the curriculum. There was a renewed emphasis on the teaching of mathematics and sciences during the World War, citing military needs. The wartime decline in high school attendance was attributed to "the continued prominence of academic school subjects" (Kliebard202)Vocation oriented curriculum was advocated after the National Defense Act of 1947 which was of great significance There was blending of subjects, with a need-based "core curriculum" In 1954, the landmark decision of the U.S Supreme Court .in the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, prohibiting the establishment of separate schools for black and white children had a tremendous impact on curriculum theory, paving the way for civil rights and a multicultural curriculum.. In 1989,the goals for the beginning of the next millennium were formulated, with a forward looking curriculum. Works cited Kliebard, Herbert M. (2004). The Struggle for the American Curriculum, 1893-1958 (3rd ed.). New York:

Colloborative Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Colloborative Leadership - Essay Example One view maintains that leaders are people oriented and their main task is to inspire people. Their chief functional output is a change and their capabilities are assessed in terms of controlling the process of this change. That is to mould and control change to suit organization's objectives. On the other hand, managers are task and process oriented and their main task is to organize such tasks and processes. Management's main output is work done in allotted time and costs. In plain speak management is assigned the task of producing and maintaining a degree of predictability & order; while leadership assumes the function of producing change under a constantly revised schemata of direction and vision. Leadership is the process of motivating others to work to meet specific goals and objectives. Leadership deliberately causes people-driven actions in a planned fashion for the purpose of accomplishing the leader's agenda, which in constructive scenarios match organizational agenda. Leadership physically compr... Such qualities hasten and fasten agenda achievement by leadership. Some of these qualities are stated below corresponding to their importance in an organizational setting: (a) A collaborative leader must have the capability to initiate, nurture and develop a vision and a concrete sense of direction in which to lead the organization. Leader must convince the entire team of his stance of an inspired shared vision. At least leader should be able to convey his vision to critical adherents. Visionary leaders enable people to feel they have a real stake in the project. They empower people to experience the vision on their own. It can be clearly seen that collaboration is the essence of leadership. According to Bennis "They offer people opportunities to create their own vision, to explore what the vision will mean to their jobs and lives, and to envision their future as part of the vision for the organization," (Bennis, 1997). (b) An effective collaborative leader is expected to have high level of problem solving skills. He may share problem-solving responsibilities with the team but he must have a "fresh, creative response to here-and-now opportunities," and not much concern with how others have performed them. (Kouzes,1987).Thus he would be capable of giving new solutions to complicated problems and lead in dead ends. (c) A collaborative leader must exercise a lot of empathy. There is vast amount of difference between empathy and sympathy. Although the words sound same, they, in fact have widely divergent meanings. According to Norman Paul, in sympathy the subject is principally absorbed in his or her own feelings as they are projected into the object and has little concern for the reality and validity of the

English poet Essay Example for Free

English poet Essay William Shakespeare was baptised in 26 April, 1564 and died in 23 April, 1616. He was an English poet and playwright, widely known as the greatest writer in the English language. He is often called Englands national poet. His surviving works consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor and writer. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeares private life survived, such matters as his physical appearance, sexuality, religion, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others. Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies (romances).Romeo and Juliet is the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and death. Shakespeare was a respected poet and playwright in his own day, but his reputation did not rise to its present heights until the 19th century. The Romantics, in particular, acclaimed Shakespeares genius, and the Victorians worshipped Shakespeare with a reverence that George Bernard Shaw.

The Yellow Wallpaper -- Literary Analysis, Charlotte Perkins Gilman

With a sarcastic, monstrous, and angry tone combined with high emotion and sentimentalism, Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote the short story The Yellow Wallpaper in order to help the oppressed females recover their voice, their rights, and their freedom. She skillfully leaded the reader’s interest from a little horrible opening; then, a curious feeling about Jane’s life immediately became anger because of the unexpected climax of the narrator’s own recognition in the yellow wallpaper. The author tried to show that female would stand up and do whatever they can, even if they lose something to escape the control of male dominance as the narrator did in the story. This story is successful at portraying its authorial purpose because of its setting, types of conflict, character development, and the language effects. A story will become unreliable and lose the reader’s interest unless its author knows how to draw an exquisite circumstance and arrange the information. The story has demonstrated the descriptive scenes, even it’s a small detail. The powerful descriptive information and the symbols in the story helped to make the success of the story. That process is called setting which is the idea of the broad, form picture of the story. In the beginning of the story, we can see the house where the narrator and her husband rent for their summer vacation. It is the main and only place that story takes place. It was a colonial mansion and it was filled up with romantic love and happiness. By taking a first a look at its beautiful outside form and appearance but then the narrator described, â€Å"It is quite alone, standing well back from the road, quite three miles from the village. It makes me think of English places that you read about, for ther... ... outline of the story events is necessary for a short story. A short story is good, interesting, make sense or not depends on its setting, way to use language to express, the characters’ conflicts, images and emotion. This story is successful because it sends a significant message to the readers that it is necessary to respect female’s injustice. If the male dominance is out of female’s control, they will stand up for themselves and struggle back against male as what the narrator in the story did. The Yellow Wallpaper of Charlotte Perkins Gilman leaves me a profound impression about the lesson of female rights. As a female who is grown up in Asia where can see male dominant toward female clearly, I know that I cannot lose my self-position nor blur my personality to the man’s control. Female have their own rights because they are the same human being as male.

Communication Theory Essay

Introduction Media censorship can be described as a practice where speech or other methods of public communication are considered to be harmful and sensitive or not suitable as determined by the government, media companies or other regulating bodies (West & Turner, 2010). Media censorship has been a common practice in the Arab world, and this has been the case due to cultural and religious influence. Several communication theories have been developed by scholars to try and explain media situations in different countries. This paper seeks to investigate the salient features and applicability of the cultivation communication’s theory to film and television censorship in the UAE (West & Turner, 2010). Hypothesis Film and television censorship in the United Arab Emirates is intended to promote and preserve political, cultural, and religious beliefs. Evidence gathered through the study of television censorship in the UAE According to Watson, every media item that is intended to be broadcasted to the public must cleared by the National Media council, the country’s media regulation body (2008). Television content and all other types of media, particular from foreign countries, must be subjected checks intended to find too content or topics. Television censorship mainly involves three topics that are regarded to be offensive to practices in the United Arab Emirates. The three include: pornography, material deemed insulting to religion (particularly Islam), and material that criticizes the country’s rulers (Watson, 2008). In most cases only material originating from foreign sources is found to be problematic. Local films Local television stations have generally conformed to the censorship requirements. Materials from various sources indicate that local films in the treated differently from the foreign films by the National Media Council (NMC) (Wikidot.com, 2008). During the International Film Festival held in Dubai in 2005, many films from Arab countries were subjected to screening and censorship due to violation of Islamic and other cultural views (Wikidot.com, 2008). All Local films presented during the festival were found to be suitable and none was censored. The conformity of local films to religious, political requirements is achieved in various ways. First, many local film makers are not always in a position to pay for film production. As a result film making requires funding from the Government and other agencies. Censorship is often applied at this stage, as film makers must agree to certain conditions before money is given (Wikidot.com, 2008). Secondly, many local film makers have been raised in a conservative environment that encourages and cultivates conformity to Islamic and political ideals of the UAE. Therefore, they have a way of ensuring that their work is self-censored before it is released into the public domain. They believe in their country and, therefore, cannot produce material that has a potential to affect the country’s religion and political stability (Wikidot.com, 2008). Foreign films All foreign films that come into UAE must be studied by the classification board which uses the guideline obtained from the country of origin (Wikidot.com, 2008). Upon classification, the film is dispatched to the film censorship committee, which examines the film carefully and then decides on what is to be removed. The film is then passed on to sub department that removes the areas that have been recommended by the censorship committee (Wikidot.com, 2008). Additionally, no foreign film will be permitted if it has no Arabic subtitle that conforms to the dialogue in the film (Watson, 2008). One of the most recent censorship activities done in the UAE involved renaming of an animation title. The animation’s title was â€Å"Puss in the Boots† and was renamed to â€Å"Cat in the Boots†. This was also done in Qatar, a gulf state with similar religious values (Salem, 2012, par. 10). Movies that cannot be edited are banned all-together. For instance, â€Å"Mohammed Naser, an official responsible for cinemas in the censorship department explained that when it becomes apparent that the editing required will take a big part of the movie, they conclude that there is no point to release it† (Salem, 2012, par 11). Two movies, Black Swan and Love and Other Drugs were banned because the included a lot of sexual content (Watson, 2008). In most cases, the editing of films that originally contained scenes related to nudity, swearing, political and religious material, the board then asks the agent handing the film to give it a rating of 18 years and over (Salem, 2012). Traditionally, this requirement has drawn criticism from industry players who feel that the  censoring committee should edit the films and allow everyone to watch or leave them as they are and give the +18 rating (Salem, 2012). The film censorship committee is chaired by the National Media Council’s undersecretary who is responsible for censorship activities (Wikidot.com, 2008). The â€Å"censorship committee has other members which are drawn from several ministries such as the ministry of education, justice and Islamic affairs, state security, social affairs, interior and Israel boycott office† (Wikidot.com, 2008). Analysis of the information gathered The Analysis of television censorship in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) will be conducted using the cultivation communication’s theory. Cultivation theory can be described as social theory that examines the long-effects of TV (West & Turner, 2010). The basic proposition of the cultivation theory states that â€Å"the more time is spend by people living in the Television world, they more likely they are to believe social reality that is portrayed on the Television† (Morgan & Shanahan, 2010). Cultivation theory was developed by Gross and Gerbner, following extensive research work conducted to establish cultural indicators. The purpose of â€Å"cultural indicators† research work was to investigate and establish the cultivated effects of TV on viewers (Morgan & Shanahan, 2010). The investigators were concerned with the implications of TV programs, particularly violent programs on the behaviors and attitudes of Americans. The cultivation theory clearly indicates that an effect of TV watching on viewers occurs after long-term and cumulative exposure. In the modern world, TV has taken a central position in the lives of many individuals and, therefore, has a greater potential impact on the behaviors and attitudes of viewers. The authors who developed the theory believe that because people TV in the United States and other parts of the world contain significant amount of violence, those watch them addictively often develop an exaggerated belief in the violence (West & Turner, 2010). From the evidence gathered in this paper, it can be stated TV censorship in the UAE is intended to prevent a potential negative influence on citizens. Many videos, particularly those originating from foreign sources, are often laced with content that is not acceptable in the UAE. The country has a conservative population that strictly observes Islamic religious rules. Additionally, it has a political system that is  unique to its position and needs, and therefore, cannot allow material that will directly criticize the established political system. UAE as a nation has progressive laws regarding the freedom of speech but this does not allow for dissemination of material that is contrary to Islamic beliefs or its political establishment. In consistent with the theory of cultivation, the UAE government is aware that films and other shows aired on TV have the potential to change the attitudes and behaviors of the masses (Salem, 2012). Therefore, in its endeavor to retain the country’s religious and cultural values, the government must censor all video material that originates from within and outside the borders. Conclusion and summary This research paper sought to use the cultivation theory to establish the how TV and film censorship in the UAE preserves its cultural, political and religious beliefs. It has been established that the country has a conservative population that observes Islamic beliefs that do not agree with the content in most foreign films, and therefore, strict censorship must be conducted before the material is allowed into the public domain. Censorship is also extended to material that contravenes the country’s political establishment. References Morgan, M., & Shanahan, J. (2010). The State of Cultivation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 54(2), 337-355. Salem, B. (2012, May 13). Censorship: Great for pirates, bad for business. Retrieved December 15, 2012, from Variety Arabia: http://www.varietyarabia.com/Docs.Viewer/6ad7629a-a64a-4cea-9723-01f8f4f68a40/default.aspx Watson, I. (2008, January 22). Dubai’s Media Censors Tackle News, Sex and Politics. Retrieved December 15, 2012, from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18292869 West, R., & Turner, L. (2010). Introducing Communication theory: Analysis and Application. New York: McGraw Hill. Wikidot.com. (2008, January 10). Censorship: United Arab Emirates . Retrieved December 14, 2012, from

Global And China Ethylene Carbonate Industry

The report firstly introduced Ethylene Carbonate basic information included Ethylene Carbonate definition classification application industry chain structure industry overview; international market analysis, China domestic market analysis, Macroeconomic environment and economic situation analysis, Ethylene Carbonate industry policy and plan, Ethylene Carbonate product specification, manufacturing process, cost structure etc. Browse Complete report with TOC : http://www. qyresearchreports. com/report/global- and-china-ethylene-carbonate-industry 2013-market- research- report. htmThen statistics Global and China key manufacturers Ethylene Carbonate capacity production cost price profit production value gross margin etc information, and Global and China Ethylene Carbonate capacity production market share supply demand shortage import export consumption etc data statistics, and Ethylene Carbonate Industry 2009-2014 capacity production price cost profit production value gross margin etc i nformation. To Get Sample Copy of Report Visit @ http://www. qyresearchreports. com/sample/ Table of Contents Chapter One Ethylene Carbonate Industry Overview 1. 1 Ethylene Carbonate Definition 1.Ethylene Carbonate Classification and Application 1. 3 Ethylene Carbonate Industry Chain Structure 1. 4 Ethylene Carbonate Industry Overview Chapter Two Ethylene Carbonate International and China Market Analysis 2. 1 Ethylene Carbonate Industry International Market Analysis 2. 1. 1 Ethylene Carbonate International Market Development History 2. 1. 2 Ethylene Carbonate Product and Technology Developments 2. 1. 3 Ethylene Carbonate Competitive Landscape Analysis 2. 1. 4 Ethylene Carbonate International Key Countries Development Status 2. 1. 5 Ethylene Carbonate International Market Development Trend 2.Ethylene Carbonate Industry China Market Analysis 2. 2. 1 Ethylene Carbonate China Market Development History 2. 2. 2 Ethylene Carbonate Product and Technology Developments 2. 2. 3 Ethylene Carbo nate Competitive Landscape Analysis 2 2 4 Ethylene Carbonate China Key Regions Carbonate China Market Development Trend lopment S 5 Ethylene 2. 3 Ethylene Carbonate International and China Market Comparison Analysis Chapter Three Ethylene Carbonate Development Environmental Analysis 3. 1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis 3. 1. 1 China GDP Analysts 3. 1. 2 China CPI Analysts 3.

Free Essays on Love And Marriage In Victorian Times

Love and marriage- in today’s modern sense when we think of a wedding we often associate these two terms together. We think of dating and boyfriends and girlfriends and experimenting with different partners until we are sure we have found our true love. This was not a luxury that the Victorians had. The two texts that we read, Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice and Charles Dicken’s Great Expectations, both represent different courtship and marriage rituals taken from their perspective time periods. In this paper I shall explore these different rituals within the different social classes represented. Views of marriage and social class in the society of nineteenth century England were very different from views in modern American society. There were two concerns when dealing with marriage in England during this time period. These issues were social class and wealth. Love was often not a luxury that they could afford when mates were chosen. In Pride and Prejudice Austin shows that marriage was not an act of love, but rather an act of survival. Women were often married off to gain wealth and stability in society, while men, on the other hand, married for comfort and companionship and to fulfill the norm of society. The marriages in this story consisted of people from the upper classes. The marriages in Great Expectations, on the other hand were primarily from the middle class. They dealt with emotions to an extent, but were primarily about financial or societal gain. In Pride and Prejudice, Mrs. Bennet wife and mother of five daughters had a simple view of marriage. Her goal was to marry each, if not all at least one, of her daughters off to the man who had the most money and was most prominent in society. Most mothers of the time engaged in this activity to an extent, however, due to the entailment of their estate, this task consumed her entire life. The story focuses primarily on two courtships- those between Darcy ... Free Essays on Love And Marriage In Victorian Times Free Essays on Love And Marriage In Victorian Times Love and marriage- in today’s modern sense when we think of a wedding we often associate these two terms together. We think of dating and boyfriends and girlfriends and experimenting with different partners until we are sure we have found our true love. This was not a luxury that the Victorians had. The two texts that we read, Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice and Charles Dicken’s Great Expectations, both represent different courtship and marriage rituals taken from their perspective time periods. In this paper I shall explore these different rituals within the different social classes represented. Views of marriage and social class in the society of nineteenth century England were very different from views in modern American society. There were two concerns when dealing with marriage in England during this time period. These issues were social class and wealth. Love was often not a luxury that they could afford when mates were chosen. In Pride and Prejudice Austin shows that marriage was not an act of love, but rather an act of survival. Women were often married off to gain wealth and stability in society, while men, on the other hand, married for comfort and companionship and to fulfill the norm of society. The marriages in this story consisted of people from the upper classes. The marriages in Great Expectations, on the other hand were primarily from the middle class. They dealt with emotions to an extent, but were primarily about financial or societal gain. In Pride and Prejudice, Mrs. Bennet wife and mother of five daughters had a simple view of marriage. Her goal was to marry each, if not all at least one, of her daughters off to the man who had the most money and was most prominent in society. Most mothers of the time engaged in this activity to an extent, however, due to the entailment of their estate, this task consumed her entire life. The story focuses primarily on two courtships- those between Darcy ...

Life and Art of Cindy Sherman, Feminist Photographer

Life and Art of Cindy Sherman, Feminist Photographer Cindy Sherman (born January 19, 1954) is an American photographer and filmmaker whose â€Å"Untitled Film Stills,† a series of photographs meant to evoke a still shot from a fictional movie, launched her to fame. Fast Facts: Cindy Sherman Occupation: Artist and photographerBorn: January 19, 1954 in Glen Ridge, New JerseyEducation: Buffalo State CollegeKnown For: Photographs exploring themes of feminism, image, subjugation, and superficialityKey Works:  Untitled Film Stills  series (1977-1980),  Centerfolds  series (1981) Sherman is well known for the insertion of her own image into her photographs, donning prosthetics, costume, and makeup to transform herself into the subject of her gaze. Often engaging themes of feminism, image, subjugation, and superficiality, Sherman continues to be sought after as a voice of critique in a media-based world. She is considered a member of the â€Å"Pictures Generation† of American artists, who came to prominence in the 1970s and 80s. Early Life and Family Cindy Sherman was born Cynthia Morris Sherman on January 19, 1954 in New Jersey. She grew up on Long Island and was the youngest of five children. Because the sibling closest to her age was nine years her senior, Sherman felt like an only child, sometimes forgotten in the midst of so many others in her family. Sherman has said that, as a result of her family dynamic, she sought attention in any way possible. From a very young age, Sherman donned alternate personas with the assistance of her extensive costume wardrome. She describes her mother as kind-hearted and â€Å"good,† though primarily concerned that her children make the right impression (something which tempted the young Sherman to rebel). She has described her father as mean-spirited and closed minded. Shermans family life was not happy, and when Sherman was 15 years old, her elder brother committed suicide. This trauma had repercussions for Sherman’s personal life, and she cites it as the reason she ended up in several long-term relationships she did not want to be in, believing she could help other men where she could not help her brother. She was married to the video artist Michel Auder for 17 years in the 1980s and 90s, a marriage which ended in divorce. Beginnings as an Artist Sherman studied art at Buffalo State College. After graduating, she moved to New York City with artist Robert Longo, who was a fellow art student and Buffalo State graduate. In the 1970s, New Yorks streets were gritty and sometimes unsafe. In response, Sherman developed attitudes and attires that acted as coping mechanisms for the discomforts she would meet on her way home- an extension of her childhood habit of dress-up. Though she found it upsetting and uncomfortable, Sherman ultimately saw New York as a place of reinvention. She began to show up to social occasions in costume, and eventually Longo convinced Sherman to begin photographing her characters. These were the beginnings from which the Untitled Stills were born, most of which were photographed in or around the apartment the two shared. In many ways, the rebellious spirit instilled in Sherman as a child never left her. For example, as her work was gaining popularity in the 1980s, the artist took a turn towards the grotesque, creating work that featured various bodily fluids spilled and smeared within the frame, as a way to challenge the art world’s perception of her as salable and appropriate to â€Å"hang above a dining room table.† In the 1990s, the National Endowment for the Arts withdrew its funding from â€Å"controversial† projects. As an act of protest against what she perceived to be a form of censorship, Sherman began to photograph outrageous portraits of genitals, using plastic hospital dummies and mannequins common to medical school classrooms. This type of subversion continues to define Sherman’s career. Untitled Film Stills Sherman works in series of photographs in which she builds off a theme that addresses a social issue. Her subjects have been wide-ranging as what it means to age as a woman, the subjugating effect of the male gaze on the female form, and the contorting effects of social media on self-image. Within each series, Sherman acts as the model, costumer, make-up artist, and set designer. The â€Å"Untitled Film Stills† (1977-1980) are arguably Sherman’s most famous works. These images, all in black and white, evoke key moments in Hollywood cinema. Though the â€Å"films† from which these photographs were taken do not exist, their appeal lies in the fact that they evoke moods played out ceaselessly in popular movies, thus causing the viewer to sense that he or she has seen the film before. Cindy Sherman, Untitled Film Still #17 (1978).   tate.org The tropes portrayed by Sherman include the young ingenue, dominated by the city, who gazes off in fear at an unknown person or object out of frame, and the outcast, standing among detritus and ruins, waiting for someone to arrive. Often, these images contain within them a threat and a feeling that nothing good can come of these situations. By inserting discomfort into images of women, Sherman asks the viewer to consider the subject and understand her vulnerability. Centerfolds and Later Work In the early 80s came the â€Å"Centerfolds,† a series of double-width images intended to mimic the typically seductive and alluring poses of models placed at the center of adult magazines. Sherman turned the concept of a centerfold on its head by using the format to depict women who had endured physical abuse. The images hold the viewer accountable for approaching the works as if they were designed to please- in Shermans words, they are a â€Å"thwarted expectation. Cindy Sherman, Untitled #92 (1981). Centerfolds series.   christies.org In 2017, Sherman made public her personal Instagram account, which serves as an extension of her practice. Sherman employs the tools of digital airbrushing- intended to falsely alter images of the human face to achieve the tool of flawlessness- and instead pushes these contortions to an extreme. Using applications intended to improve images, Sherman exaggerates features, thus drawing attention to the fine line between inhuman perfection (the type that only social media is capable of showing) and inhuman, almost alien-like alteration. In line with her popularity in the more traditional art world, Shermans account (cindysherman) has garnered hundreds of thousands of followers. Awards and Accolades Cindy Sherman is a widely honored artist. She has received both a MacArthur Genius Grant and a Guggenheim Fellowship. She is an honorary member of the Royal Academy, and has been represented in numerous biennials across the world. Sherman continues to be an important voice not only in contemporary art, but also in the media age. Her biting critique gets at the core of an issue and hyper-focuses on it through the poignant and intimate medium of portraiture. She lives in New York with her parrot, Frida, and is represented by Metro Pictures Gallery. Sources BBC (1994).  Nobodys Here But Me. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?vUXKNuWtXZ_U. (2012).Adams, T. (2016). Cindy Sherman: Why am I in these photos?.  The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/jul/03/cindy-sherman-interview-retrospective-motivation.Russeth, A. (2017). Facetime with Cindy Sherman.  W. [online] Available at: https://www.wmagazine.com/story/cindy-sherman-instagram-selfie.

The Tear of Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Tear of Nature - Essay Example J and C.D 211). This paper will examine the zoologists’ activities and encounters, relating these experiences and activities with the current ecological issues. Understanding the ecology of different biosystems is the epitome of environmental protection. Motivation of the biologists When biologists Mark and Delia Owens got seized by the notion of resettling in the Kalahari Desert, their main motivation was to find an isolated site whose wildlife had no previous encounters with human beings, and thus would not be fearful of humans. They set out to examine the living conditions of renowned animals such as lions, brown hyenas and jackals. Their primary goal for resettling in the remote desert was to study wildlife in the Kalahari Desert and make calls for its conservation. For this, the duo settled in the Deception Valley, which is the remotest part of the desert. The biologists were knowledgeable of the effects of poaching on wildlife survival and sustenance, and sought to creat e awareness of these effects. This was primarily aimed at promoting a culture of awareness of the diversity of wildlife and promoting the protection of wildlife. Currently, especially following the drastic changes that have occurred on the environment, biologists and other environmental stakeholders have instituted a campaign aimed at saving the environment and ecosystems found in it. The main emphasize is on appreciating the input of all creatures in the biodiversity system called the Earth. All creatures, big or small play an integral role in environmental sustenance, which means the depletion of a single unit of the bio diverse environment has significant, detrimental effects on the overall environment. As zoologists, the Owens primary focus was on animals within the Kalahari Desert ecosystem. They were, nonetheless, agreeable on the essence of other forms of life within the ecosystem. These include trees and shrubs that fed the herbivores on which the large carnivores fed. Overc oming threats to their health and safety Water scarcity within the desert is a momentous problem, which proved quite taxing to the Owens. The duo had to ration themselves to meager seven gallons of water per week for all their needs that included cooking, drinking, bathing and cooling the vehicle’s radiator. Such water scarcity posed substantial threats to their health. Moreover, the cleanliness of the water was also wanting as it was infested by bees and collected twigs and soil (Ramawat 25). In ancient days, the Kalahari was characterized by a series of rivers and other water catchment sources, but currently only dry channels show evidence of the rivers. According to Mark and Delia, the dry channels nowadays lay next to slightly lofty sand dunes. Deception Valley, where the Owens settled is located on one of the aforementioned river beds. Water scarcity is currently a formidable ecological problem, which plagues many areas of the globe. Global warming as a consequence of en vironmental degradation is the cause of the water scarcity problem in the world. As people degrade forests by cutting down trees to create land for settlement and agriculture, people, in fact, degrade the quality of their lives. Water is essential for life as it constitutes a large portion of the human body. Environmental degra

MySQL program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MySQL program - Essay Example MySQL is a database administration application. A database is a prearranged compilation of information. It is the subsequent most extensively applied open source RDBMS (relational database management system) (DuBois, 2013). The strategic role of MySQL in a company is to manage their database. The MySQL Database Software denotes a client/server application that comprises of a multi threaded SQL server, which maintains diverse backends, numerous different client applications and libraries, managerial tools, and a broad variety of APIs (application programming interfaces) (DuBois, 2013). A relational database keeps data in different tables instead of putting the entire data in one huge storeroom. The database frameworks are prearranged into material files optimized for pace. MySQL role in the company is to assist in retrieving and accessing relevant data from the database. The fact that there is optimization in retrieval and management of the data in the organization due to MySQL, the company can optimize their operations since time to serve customers is extensively reduced by the software. The key to an excellent database is the first procedure for classifying and comprehending the commerce drivers involve. This is to assess why the software is required and what it is needed to perform.  Other assessments include: the kind of the databases information, how data will be input and retrieved, kind of data to be stored, and the interrelations of information or data stored. Another main aspect is the design technology, or structured strategy, to assist separate the data that is need. To enhance this it is essential to agree in advance, construct, then advanced and triad until it is accurate.    MySQL adequately satisfies the requirements of the business since it optimizes time of data retrieval and provides the above requirements. MySQL is a quick, user-friendly being

USB Banks Take $2 Million Hit, a Detrimental Impact Essay

USB Banks Take $2 Million Hit, a Detrimental Impact - Essay Example Since the Swiss and European banks operate in a different way, this new scenario poses new challenges for implementing controls. The economy in the past years has been weak to say the least. Banks have been defaulting in loans as creditors have failed to pay their loans. These trickled effects have been a domino effect internationally. When one bank is hit by a fraud, it has a dynamic impact throughout the banks in the international front. One of the major banks that recently was charged for dealing with unauthorized revenue was UBS. The bank already was mounted with numerous amounts of risks and troubles prior to this massive problem. The Wall Street Journal reports that UBS was charged $2 billion for conducting unauthorized trades. The news pretty much shocked the financial market as the UBS AG accumulated a hefty $2 billion in losses. The crisis slammed shares of UBS, which on Thursday fell nearly 11% in Swiss trading and 10% in New York Stock Exchange trading. The British Police arrested a man for committing fraud and playing with equities. The news that UBS lost $2 million took a big detrimental hit as the losses crippled the European economy. The Europeans have become increasingly uneasy about withdrawing equity from Euro Zone banks. The convicted felon was a man known as Kweku Adoboli, a London-based trader who worked in the exchange desk. The British police confirmed that they arrested an individual who was committing fraud but have not charged him yet. According to officials, Mr. Adoboli was certified to work in the securities business since March 2006. Mr. Adoboli’s past experience in trading enabled him to conduct this fraud in a very passive manner. The felon was under a different alias in the popular job site called LinkedIn. Authorities are still not aware whether he still works for that bank. The bank officials made the discovery late when the London police informed the administration. Around 3.30 at night, the police confirmed their arrest of the felon. However, some parts of the how Mr. Adoboli conducted this scheme seem vague to officials. The officials were also unable to determine the casualties since UBS operates in major countries including United Kingdom. In midst of all these things, UBS discovered the hefty losses that they incurred. The UBS bank is still working hard to assure that all the positions are closed. In addition, the bank took a deep hit as their reported revenue fell from $8.2 billion to a $2.7 billion loss. The new shock undoubtedly raised the p roblem of the internal management control that were lacking in the band. Additionally, the unawareness the managers possessed was shocking. The management internal controls lacked the adequate understanding of mitigating the risks as this felon was free to conduct trades at his own will. Clearly, the bank’s risk-management system had flaws since it had to write down $50 billion in securities exchange. Collins Stewart, a key analysis of financial markets depicts the demise of this situation as he states, â€Å""A loss of this magnitude will very likely have occurred in the [fixed-income, currencies and commodities] division, the very division UBS has been systematically rebuilding after shrinking it by 40% during the credit crisis.† Undoubtedly, this will trouble the foreign markets. In addition, it might hurt the currency exchange as the Euro rate will dip down. It will also cause collateral damage as other banks might default in their loans. This

Evolution of Investment Banking

Evolution of Investment Banking INTRODUCTION At a very macro level, ‘Investment Banking as term suggests, is concerned with the primary function of assisting the capital market in its function of capital intermediation, i.e., the movement of financial resources from those who have them (the Investors), to those who need to make use of them for generating GDP (the Issuers). Banking and financial institution on the one hand and the capital market on the other are the two broad platforms of institutional that investment for capital flows in economy. Therefore, it could be inferred that investment banks are those institutions that are counterparts of banks in the capital markets in the function of intermediation in the resource allocation. Nevertheless, it would be unfair to conclude so, as that would confine investment banking to very narrow sphere of its activities in the modern world of high finance. Over the decades, backed by evolution and also fuelled by recent technologies developments, an investment banking has transf ormed repeatedly to suit the needs of the finance community and thus become one of the most vibrant and exciting segment of financial services. Investment bankers have always enjoyed celebrity status, but at times, they have paid the price for the price for excessive flamboyance as well. To continue from the above words of John F. Marshall and M.E. Eills, ‘investment banking is what investment banks do . This definition can be explained in the context of how investment banks have evolved in their functionality and how history and regulatory intervention have shaped such an evolution. Much of investment banking in its present form, thus owes its origins to the financial markets in USA, due o which, American investment banks have banks have been leaders in the American and Euro markets as well. Therefore, the term ‘investment banking can arguably be said to be of American origin. Their counterparts in UK were termed as ‘merchants banks since they had confined themselves to capital market intermediation until the US investments banks entered the UK and European markets and extended the scope of such businesses. Investment banks help companies and governments and their agencies to raise money by issuing and selling acquisitions and other types of financial transactions. Investment banks also act as intermediaries in trading for clients. Investment banks differ from stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. However some firms operate as both brokerages and investment banks; this includes some of the best known financial services firms in the world. More commonly used today to characterize what was traditionally termed† investment banking† is â€Å"sells side. This is trading securities for cash or securities (i.e., facilitating transactions, market-making), or the promotion of securities (i.e. underwriting,research, etc.). The buy side constitutes the hedge funds, and the investing public who consume the products and services of the sell-side in order to maximize their return on investment. Many firms have both buy and sell side components. Definition An individual or institution, which acts as an underwriter or agent for corporations and municipalities issuing securities. Most also maintain broker/dealer operations, maintain markets for previously issued securities, and offer advisory services to investors. Investment banks also have a large role in facilitating mergers and acquisitions, private equity placements and corporate restructuring. Unlike traditional banks, investment banks do not accept deposits from and provide loans to individuals. Also called investment banker. Who needs an Investment Bank? Any firm contemplating a significant transaction can benefit from the advice of an investment bank. Although large corporations often have sophisticated finance and corporate development departments provide objectivity, a valuable contact network, allows for efficient use of client personnel, and is vitally interested in seeing the transaction close. Most small to medium sized companies do not have a large in-house staff, and in a financial transaction may be at a disadvantage versus larger competitors. A quality investment banking firm can provide the services required to initiate and execute a major transaction, thereby empowering small to medium sized companies with financial and transaction experience without the addition of permanent overhead, an investment bank provides objectivity, a valuable contact network, allows for efficient use of client personnel, and is vitally interested in seeing the transaction close. Most small to medium sized companies do not have a large in-house staff, and in a financial transaction may be at a disadvantage versus larger competitors. A quality investment-banking firm can provide the services The main activities and units The primary function of an investment bank is buying and selling products both on behalf of the banks clients and also for the bank itself. Banks undertake risk through proprietary trading, done by a special set of traders who do not interface with clients and through Principal Risk, risk undertaken by a trader after he or she buys or sells a product to a client and does not hedge his or her total exposure. Banks seek to maximize profitability for a given amount of risk on their balance sheet An investment bank is split into the so-called Front Office Middle Office and Back Office. The individual activities are described below: Front Office Investment Banking is the traditional aspect of investment banks which involves helping customers raise Corporate Finance (often pronounced corpfin). mutual funds) . Research and Structuring. Sales desks then communicate their clients orders to the appropriate trading desks, which can price and execute trades, or structure new products that fit a specific need. Research is the division which reviews companies and writes reports about their prospects, often with buy or sell ratings. While the research division generates no revenue, its resources are used to assist traders in trading, the sales force in suggesting ideas to customers, and investment bankers by covering their clients. In recent years the relationship between investment banking and research has become highly regulated, reducing its importance to the investment bank. Structuring has been a relatively recent division as derivatives have come into play, with highly technical and numerate employees working on creating complex structured products which typically offer much greater margins and returns than underlying cash securities. Middle Office * operational risk and the assurance Middle Offices provide now include measures to address this risk. When this assurance is not in place, market and credit risk analysis can be unreliable and open to deliberate manipulation. Back Office Operations involve data-checking trades that have been conducted, ensuring that they are not erroneous, and transacting the required transfers. While it provides the greatest job security of the divisions within an investment bank, it is a critical part of the bank that involves managing the financial information of the bank and ensures efficient capital markets through the financial reporting function. The staff in these areas are often highly qualified and need to understand in depth the deals and transactions that occur across all the divisions of the bank. New products Investment banking is one of the most global industries and is hence continuously challenged to respond to new developments and innovation in the global financial markets. Throughout the history of investment banking, many have theorized that all investment banking products and services would be copyrighted, they are very often copied quickly by competing banks, pushing down trading margins. For example, OTC contract has to be uniquely structured and could involve complex pay-off and risk profiles. Listed option contracts are traded through major exchanges, such as the CBOE, and are almost as commoditized as general equity securities. In addition, while many products have been commoditized, an increasing amount of profit within investment banks has come from proprietary trading, where size creates a positive network benefit (since the more trades an investment bank does, the more it knows about the market flow, allowing it to theoretically make better trades and pass on better guidance to clients). Potential conflicts of interest may arise between different parts of a bank, creating the potential for financial movements that could be market manipulation. Authorities that regulate investment banking (the Chinese wall which prohibits communication between investment banking on one side and research and equities on the other. Some of the conflicts of interest that can be found in investment banking are listed here: Historically, equity research firms were founded and owned by investment banks. One common practice is for equity analysts to initiate coverage on a company in order to develop relationships that lead to highly profitable investment banking business. In the 1990s, many equity researchers allegedly traded positive stock ratings directly for investment banking business. On the flip side of the coin: companies would threaten to divert investment banking business to competitors unless their stock was rated favorably. Politicians acted to pass laws to criminalize such acts. Increased pressure from regulators and a series of lawsuits, settlements, and prosecutions curbed this business to a large extent following the 2001 stock market tumble Many investment banks also own retail brokerages. Also during the 1990s, some retail brokerages sold consumers securities which did not meet their stated risk profile. This behavior may have led to investment banking business or even sales of surplus shares during a public offering to keep public perception of the stock favorable. Since investment banks engage heavily in trading for their own account, there is always the temptation or possibility that they might engage in some form of front running. Types of investment banks underwrite (guarantee the sale of) stock and bond issues, trade for their own accounts, make markets, and advise corporations on capital markets activities such as mergers and acquisitions Merchant banks were traditionally banks which engaged in trade financing. The modern definition, however, refers to banks which provide capital to firms in the form of shares rather than loans. Unlike Venture ca pital firms, they tend not to invest in new companies. Investment banks provide four primary types of services: Raising capital, advising in mergers and acquisitions, executing securities sales and trading, and performing general advisory services. Most of the major Wall Street firms are active in each of these categories. Smaller investment banks may specialize in two or three of these categories. Raising Capital An investment bank can assist a firm in raising funds to achieve a variety of objectives, such as to acquire another company, reduce its debt load, expand existing operations, or for specific project financing. Capital can include some combination of debt, common equity, preferred equity, and hybrid securities such as convertible debt or debt with warrants. Although many people associate raising capital with public stock offerings, a great deal of capital is actually raised through private placements with institutions, specialized investment funds, and private individuals. The investment bank will work with the client to structure the transaction to meet specific objectives while being attractive to investors. Mergers and Acquisitions Investment banks often represent firms in mergers, acquisitions, and divestitures. Example projects include the acquisition of a specific firm, the sale of a company or a subsidiary of the company, and assistance in identifying, structuring, and executing a merger or joint venture. In each case, the investment bank should provide a thorough analysis of the entity bought or sold, as well as a valuation range and recommended structure. Sales and Trading These services are primarily relevant only to publicly traded firms, or firms, which plan to go public in the near future. Specific functions include making a market in a stock, placing new offerings, and publishing research reports. General Advisory Services: Advisory services include assignments such as strategic planning, business valuations, assisting in financial restructurings, and providing an opinion as to the fairness of a proposed transaction. Terms Related To Investment Bank Buying and Selling Buying Deciding on the proper time to purchase a security that you would like to add to your holdings can be a daunting task. If the price drops immediately after you buy, it may seem as if you missed out on a better buying opportunity. If the price jumps right before you make your move, you may feel as if you paid too much. As it turns out, you should not let these small fluctuations influence your decision too much. As long as the fundamentals that led you to decide on the purchase have not changed, a few points in either direction should not have a large impact on the long-term value of your investment. Similarly, the fact that an investment has been increasing in value of late is not a sufficient reason for you to purchase it. Momentum can be very fickle, and recent movement is not necessarily an indicator of future movement. Therefore, buying decisions should be based on sound and thorough research geared toward discerning the future value of a security relative to its current price. This analysis will probably not touch upon price movement in the very recent past. As you learn more about investing youll get better at deciding when to buy, but most experts recommend that beginners avoid trying to time the market, and just get in as soon as they can and stay in for the long haul. The proper time to buy a security is quite simply when it is available for less than its actual value. These undervalued securities are actually not as rare as they sound. However, the problem is simply that they are never sure bets. The value of a security includes estimates of the future performance of factors underlying the value of the security. For stocks, these factors include things like earnings growth and market share. Changes can be predicted to a degree, but they are subject to fluctuation due to forces both within and beyond the control of the company. The overall economic climate, changes in the industry or even bad decisions by management can all cause a security poised to ascend in value to become an under performer. Therefore, it is essential to practice your analysis before putting your money into action. Make some mock purchases based on your personal analysis technique and track the results. Not all of your decisions will lead to the results you were expecting, but if most of your choices turn out to be good and there are mitigating factors that you can learn from to explain your missteps, then you may be ready to put your analysis technique and investing strategy into action. At this point, the need to continuously monitor your investments does not disappear. Both under performers and overachievers should be studied carefully to fine-tune your strategy. You should also regularly look at your securities to make sure that the fundamentals for success that led you to buy in the first place are intact. If not, you may need to prepare to cash in and start looking for the next opportunity. One way to avoid the hassles of deciding when to buy altogether is to practice dollar-cost averaging. This strategy advocates investing a fixed dollar amount at regular intervals. The price when you first invest is relatively unimportant (as long as the fundamentals are sound) because you will be purchasing shares at a different price each time you buy. The success of your investment then lies not with short-term fluctuations, but with the long-term movement of the value of the security. Selling: There comes a time when investments must be liquidated and converted back into cash. In a perfect world, selling would only be necessary when investment goals have been reached or time horizons have expired, but, in reality, decisions about selling can be much more difficult. For one thing, it can be just as hard to decide when to sell as it can be to decide when to buy. No one wishes to miss out on gains by selling too soon, but, at the same time, no one wishes to watch an investment peak in value and then begin to decline. Investors often seek to sell investments that have dropped in value in the short-term. However, if conditions have not changed significantly, drops in price may actually represent an opportunity to buy at a better price. If the initial research, which led to the purchase, was sound, a temporary decline does not preclude the success that was originally predicted. Of course, things change, and if the security no longer meets the criteria that led to its purchase, selling may in fact be the best option. Selling may also become necessary if investment goals change over time. You may need to reduce the amount of risk in your portfolio or you may have the opportunity to seek out greater returns. Additionally, a security may have increased in value to the point that it is overvalued. This creates an excellent opportunity to cash in and seek out new undervalued investments. Often you will need to make this type of sale in the course of rebalancing a portfolio necessitated by gains and losses in different areas. Selling can be especially difficult when an under performing stock must be dumped. Some investors let their emotions dictate their actions and hold on to stocks that have fallen in value rather than to sell, thinking that selling at a loss is like admitting that they made a mistake. However, realizing the loss and moving on to better investments is often preferable to continuing to hold onto a loser in the hopes that it will somehow rebound. When considering any sale, you must factor in the costs of the sale itself. Fees and taxes will eat into profits, so they must be subtracted from any increases in value to understand the true impact of the transaction. Capital gains taxes are higher for gains on investments held less than one year, so its often wise to invest for the long term rather than to buy and sell quickly. On the other hand, it can be dangerous to hold an investment longer than you want to, simply to reduce the tax burden. It is essential to remember that just because an investment increases in value after it has been sold does not necessarily mean that it was sold prematurely. Managing risk and diversification are often more important than capitalizing on short-term gains in a particular security. Keeping in mind the initial goals for the investment and adjusting them to fit your present goals will allow you to make smarter decisions about selling. Principles of Investing 1. Start Investing Now We say this not just to discourage procrastination, but because an early start can make all the difference. In general, every six years you wait doubles the required monthly savings to reach the same level of retirement income. Another motivational statistic: If you contributed some amount each month for the next nine years, and then nothing afterwards, or if you contributed nothing for the first nine years, then contributed the same amount each month for the next 41 years, you would have about the same amount. Compounding is a beautiful thing. 2. Know Yourself The right course of action depends on your current situation, your future goals, and your personality. If you dont take a close look at these, and make them explicit, you might be headed in the wrong direction. Current Situation: How healthy are you, financially? Whats your net worth right now? Whats your monthly income? What are your expenses (and where could they be reduced)? How much debt are you carrying? At what rate of interest? How much are you saving? How are you investing it? What are your returns? What are your expenses? Goals: What are your financial goals? How much will you need to achieve them? Are you on the right track? Risk Tolerance: How much risk are you willing and able to accept in pursuit of your objectives? The appropriate level of risk is determined by your personality, age, job security, health, net worth, amount of cash you have to cover emergencies, and the length of your investing horizon. 3. Get Your Financial House In Order Even though investing may be more fun than personal finance, it makes more sense to get started on them in the reverse order. If you dont know where the money goes each month, you shouldnt be thinking about investing yet. Tracking your spending habits is the first step toward improving them. If youre carrying debt at a high rate of interest (especially credit card debt), you should unburden yourself before you begin investing. If you dont know how much you save each month and how much youll need to save to reach your goals, theres no way to know what investments are right for you. If youve transitioned from a debt situation to paycheck-to-paycheck situation to a saving some money every month situation, youre ready to begin investing what you save. You should start by amassing enough to cover three to six months of expenses, and keep this money in a very safe investment like a money market account, so youre prepared in the event of an emergency. Once youve saved up this emergency reserve, you can progress to higher risk (and higher return) investments: bonds for money that you expect to need in the next few years, and stocks or stock mutual funds for the rest. Use dollar cost averaging, by investing about the same amount each month. This is always a good idea, but even more so with the dramatic fluctuations in the market in the past 10 years. Dollar cost averaging will make it easier to stomach the inevitable dips. And remember; never invest in anything you dont understand. 4. Develop A Long Term Plan Now that you know your current situation, goals, and personality, you should have a pretty good idea of what your long-term plan should be. It should detail where the money will go: cars, houses, college, and retirement. It should also detail where the money will come from. Hopefully the numbers will be about the same. Dont try to time the market. Get in and stay in. We dont know what direction the next 10% move will be, but we do know what direction the next100% move will be. Review your plan periodically, and whenever your needs or circumstances change. If you are not confident that your plan makes sense, talk to an investment advisor or someone you trust. 5. Buy Stocks Now that youve got a long term view, you can more safely invest in riskier investments, which the market rewards (in general). This requires patience and discipline, but it increases returns. This approach reduces the entire universe of investment vehicles to two choices: stocks and stock mutual funds. In the long run, theyre the winners: In this century, stocks beat bonds 8 out of 9 decades, and theyre well in the lead again. According to Ibbotsons Stocks, Bonds, Bills and Inflation 1995 Yearbook, here are the average annual returns from 1926 to 1994 (before inflation): Stocks: 10.2% (and small company stocks were 12.1%) Intermediate term treasury bonds: 5.1% 30-day T-bills: 3.7% But is it really worth the additional risk just for a few percentage points? The answer is yes. 10% a year for 20 years is 570%, but 7% a year for 20 years is only 280%. Compounding is Gods gift to long-term planners. If you buy outstanding companies, and hold them through the markets gyrations, you will be rewarded. If you arent good at selecting stocks, select some mutual funds. If you arent good at selecting mutual funds, go with an index fund (like the Vanguard SP 500). 6. Investigate Before You Invest Always do your homework. The more you know, the better off you are. This requires that you keep learning, and pay attention to events that might affect you. Understand personal finance matters that could affect you (for example, proposed tax changes). Understand how each of your investments fits in with the rest of your portfolio and with your overall strategy. Understand the risks associated with each investment. Gather unbiased, objective information. Get a second opinion, a third opinion, etc. Be cautious when evaluating the advice of anyone with a vested interest. If youre going to invest in stocks, learn as much as you can about the companies youre considering. Understand before you invest. Research, research, Read books. Consider joining an investment club or an organization like the American Association of Individual Investors. Experiment with various strategies before you put your own money on the line. Examine historical data or participate in a stock market simulation. Try a momentum portfolio, a technical analysis portfolio, a bottom fisher portfolio, a dividend portfolio, a price/earnings growth portfolio, an intuition portfolio, a mega trends portfolio, and any others you think of. In the process youll find out which ones work best for you. Learn from your own mistakes, and learn from the mistakes of others. If you dont have time for all this work consider mutual funds, especially index funds. 7. Develop the Right Attitude The following personality traits will help you achieve financial success: Discipline: Develop a plan, and stick with it. As you continue to learn, youll become more confident that youre on the right track. Alter your asset allocation based on changes in your personal situation, not because of some short-term market fluctuation. Confidence: Let your intelligence, not your emotions; make your decisions for you. Understand that you will make mistakes and take losses; even the best investors do. Re-evaluate your strategy from time to time, but dont second-guess it. Patience: Dont let your emotions be ruled by todays performance. In most cases, you shouldnt even be watching the day-to-day performance, unless you like to. Also, dont ever feel like its now or never. Dont be pressured into an investment you dont yet understand or feel comfortable with. The following personality traits will hurt your chances of financial success: Fear: If you are unwilling to take any risk, you will be stuck with investments that barely beat inflation. Greed: As an investment class, get rich quick schemes have the worst returns. If your expectations are unrealistically high, youll go for the big scores, which usually dont work. It is generally a good idea to avoid making financial decisions based on emotional factors. 8. Get Help If You Need It The do-it-yourself approach isnt for everyone. If you try it and its not working, or youre afraid to try it at all, or you just dont have the time or desire, theres nothing wrong with seeking professional assistance. If you want others to handle your financial affairs for you, you will nevertheless want to remain involved to some degree, to make sure your money is being spent wisely. Initial Public Offerings Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) are the first time a company sells its stock to the public. Sometimes IPOs are associated with huge first-day gains; other times, when the market is cold, they flop. Its often difficult for an individual investor to realize the huge gains, since in most cases only institutional investors have access to the stock at the offering price. By the time the general public can trade the stock, most of its first-day gains have already been made. However, a savvy and informed investor should still watch the IPO market, because this is the first opportunity to buy these stocks. Reasons for an IPO When a privately held corporation needs to raise additional capital, it can either take on debt or sell partial ownership. If the corporation chooses to sell ownership to the public, it engages in an IPO. Corporations choose to go public instead of issuing debt securities for several reasons. The most common reason is that capital raised through an IPO does not have to be repaid, whereas debt securities such as bonds must be repaid with interest. Despite this apparent benefit, there are also many drawbacks to an IPO. A large drawback to going public is that the current owners of the privately held corporation lose a part of their ownership. Corporations weigh the costs and benefits of an IPO carefully before performing an IPO. Going Public If a corporation decides that it is going to perform an IPO, it will first hire an investment bank to facilitate the sale of its shares to the public. This process is commonly called underwriting; the banks role as the underwriter varies according to the method of underwriting agreed upon, but its primary function remains the same. In accordance with the Securities Act of 1933, the corporation will file a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The registration statement must fully disclose all material information to the SEC, including a description of the corporation, detailed financial statements, biographical information on insiders, and the number of shares owned by each insider. After filing, the corporation must wait for the SEC to investigate the registration statement and approve of the full disclosure. During this period while the SEC investigates the corporations filings, the underwriter will try to increase demand for the corporations stock. Many investment banks will print tombstone advertisements that offer bare-bones information to prospective investors. The underwriter will also issue a preliminary prospectus, or red herring, to potential investors. These red herrings include much of the information contained in the registration statement, but are incomplete and subject to change. An official summary of the corporation, or prospectus, must be issued either before or along with the actual stock offering. After the SEC approves of the corporations full disclosure, the corporation and the underwriter decide on the price and date of the IPO; the IPO is then conducted on the determined date. IPOs are sometimes postponed or even withdrawn in poor market conditions. Performance The aftermarket performance of an IPO is how the stock price behaves after the day of its offering on the secondary market (such as the NYSE or the NASDAQ). Investors can use this information to judge the likelihood that an IPO in a specific industry or from a specific lead underwriter will perform well in the days (or months) following its offering. The first-day gains of some IPOs have made investors all too aware of the money to be had in IPO investing. Unfortunately, for the small individual investor, realizing those much-publicized gains is nearly impossible. The crux of the problem is that individual investors are just too small to get in on the IPO market before the jump. Those large first-day returns are made over the offering price of the stock, at which only large, institutional investors can buy in. The system is one o